Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria最新文献

{"title":"Anxiety and depression in Peruvian prisons.","authors":"S Iglesias-Osores","doi":"10.18176/resp.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00023","url":null,"abstract":"To the editor, This letter sets out to raise awareness about mental health problems in Peruvian prisons. There are more than 10 million persons in prison worldwide, with more than 30 million persons passing through prison systems each year. There is a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders amongst inmates, and in some countries there are more people with mental diseases in prison than in psychiatric hospitals1. We estimate that almost 500,000 inmates have a previously diagnosed mental health condition which includes undiagnosed mental health problems (such as hallucinations). This suggests that the number of inmates with a psychiatric illness may be even higher than the one shown in some studies2. Prisoners often experience psychological distress, amongst other mental problems, for which interventions to tackle them are currently lacking3. Despite the high levels of need, such disorders are not correctly diagnosed and are incorrectly or poorly treated1. The data used was taken from the First National Prison Census (Primer Censo Nacional de Penitenciarias) 2016 and other publications prepared by the Peruvian National Institute of Statistics and Information Technology (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI)) and National Prisons Institute (Instituto Nacional Penitenciario (INPE)), which took information from the entire population of the 66 prisons in Peru4. The data shows that 9.6% of the prison population suffers from depression, that is, 7,321 inmates, followed by 6,581 inmates who present anxiety (8.7%). Only these two pathologies were included in the mental health section and this may be related to 2,741 inmates who have some form of permanent disability in relating to others due to their thinking, feelings, emotions or behaviour. 77.4% of inmates who presented anxiety and 70.8% with depression were not diagnosed by a health professional. 1,141 (53.3%) currently receive medical treatment for depression, and 778 (52.2%) for anxiety. 1,000 inmates do not receive treatment for depression, and 711 receive no treatment for anxiety. The main reasons for this lack of treatment are: no money, the centre or clinic takes a long time to attend patients, not severe or unnecessary, there is no medication4. A study by Hernández-Vásquez and RojasRoque5, which used the database of the First National Prison Census 2016, found the following: depression and anxiety presented a prevalence of 9.6 and 8.6%, and were more common amongst women that men; data on co/multi-morbidities showed 0.5% with depression, anxiety and drug abuse. The diseases that presented the highest percentages of diagnosis prior to entry into the prison system with the lowest percentage of diagnosis were: anxiety (10.3%), depression (12.6%) and drug abuse (17.7%)5, which is associated with problems2. Women presented higher percentages of diagnosis of diseases. The diseases with least access to medical treatment were: anxiety (11.7%), drug abuse (11.8%) and depression (15.4%).","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 3","pages":"128-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fc/09/2013-6463-sanipe-22-03-128.PMC7754543.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38695585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of prisoners' mental health on the relational climate of prisons.","authors":"N Calles-Rubiales,&nbsp;C Ibáñez Del Prado","doi":"10.18176/resp.00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Entry into prison involves adapting to a prison culture that is sometimes altered by the effect of imprisonment. Prisons are overcrowded and hold large numbers of inmates suffering from mental disorders and difficulties of adaptation, who affect the delicate equilibrium of the prison environment and can worsen the relational climate.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>Several bibliographical databases on the influence of the mental health of adult inmates on the prison relationship climate and existing interventions in this regard that have been published in the last 15 years were reviewed. This data was complemented by other information obtained from the online bibliographic indexes of the Ministry of the Interior.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There is little literature on the influence of mental health on the relational climate of prisons and existing interventions. However, what literature there is does respond to a current prison reality where inmates with mental health problems have an increased risk of victimization and also a greater predisposition to penitentiary misconduct that causes violations of rules and the consequent application of disciplinary sanctions that lead to segregation.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The dysfunctional behaviour of such inmates, as well as the stigmatized treatment they receive, negatively impact the prison social climate, generating pathological relational styles and distorting the prison environment. This creates a need for an adequate number of programs and interventions of sufficient quality to prevent and mitigate their consequences.</p>","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 3","pages":"116-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/db/f2/2013-6463-sanipe-22-03-116.PMC7754542.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38695586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of incarceration on nutritional status and oral health among male inmates of central jail of Jaipur city, India.","authors":"A Sharma, S Parkar, A Gaur, B Bagri","doi":"10.18176/resp.00018","DOIUrl":"10.18176/resp.00018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Prison is an especially difficult environment for promoting oral health and leads to the exacerbation of unhealthy behaviors. This study set out to assess the impact of incarceration on nutritional status and oral health among the male prison inmates of Central Jail of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>A cross sectional study was conducted among 181 male inmates. Dental caries and periodontal status were assessed by using modified the Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LOA) index as per the WHO methodology 1997. Nutritional status was assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight (kg)/height (m2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 181 inmates, 141 (77.90%) had normal BMI. The majority (n=128, 70.70%) of inmates were incarcerated for less than 6 years. A significant difference (P<0.05) was found between age and periodontal status. A significant difference was observed (P<0.05) in the CPI score 3 and LOA 0 and 1 score. However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in DMFT and period of incarceration. Age was the significant (P<0.001) risk factor for CPI and LOA.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Dental caries and periodontal health deteriorates with age and period of incarceration. Oral hygiene maintenance along with comprehensive oral care can be accomplished by establishing dental care facilities in prisons.</p>","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 3","pages":"96-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/52/ba/2013-6463-sanipe-22-03-96.PMC7754537.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38696481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The new healthcare model in prison nursing.","authors":"D Ayuso Murillo","doi":"10.18176/resp.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 2","pages":"52-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/09/0e/2013-6463-sanipe-22-02-52.PMC7537356.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38179820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of chronic hepatitis C treatment in the prison population in Spain.","authors":"A Marco,&nbsp;R Domínguez-Hernández,&nbsp;M A Casado","doi":"10.18176/resp.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral (DAAs) treatment versus non-treatment in prisoners awaiting treatment for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and to analyse the clinical and economic impact of the treatment on liver complications and mortality.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>A lifetime Markov model was developed to simulate treatment and disease progression from an estimated cohort of 4,408 CHC prisoners treated with DAAs over 2 years (50% of patient each year) versus no treatment. In the treated cohort, a sustained viral response of 95% was associated. Patient characteristics, transition probabilities, utilities and costs (pharmacological and healthcare states) were obtained from published literature. The model estimated healthcare costs and benefits, incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) based on total costs and the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and avoided clinical events. A National Healthcare System perspective was adopted with a 3% annual discount rate for both costs and health outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess uncertainty.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the DDA treated cohort, the model estimated a decrease of 92% of decompensated cirrhosis and 83% of hepatocellular carcinoma, 88% liver-related mortality cases were reduced, 132 liver transplants were avoided. The treatment achieved an additional 5.0/QALYs (21.2 vs. 16.2) with an incremental cost of €3,473 (€24,088 vs. €20,615) per patient with an ICUR of €690 per QALY gained.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Considering the willingness-to-pay threshold used in Spain (€22,000-30,000/QALY), DAAs treatment for prisoners with CHC is a highly cost-effective strategy, reduces infection transmission, increases survival and reduces complications due to liver disease, as well as the cost associated with its management.</p>","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 2","pages":"66-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/48/b5/2013-6463-sanipe-22-02-66.PMC7537362.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38179821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Danger of major outbreaks of COVID-19 in the Peruvian prison population.","authors":"E Enoki-Miñano,&nbsp;M Ruiz-Barrueto","doi":"10.18176/resp.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 2","pages":"91-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2c/9a/2013-6463-sanipe-22-02-91.PMC7537358.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38179749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in prisons.","authors":"S Iglesias Osores","doi":"10.18176/resp.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 2","pages":"87-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6a/ab/2013-6463-sanipe-22-02-87.PMC7537360.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38179745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the use of atypical antipsychotics in metabolic syndrome.","authors":"P Doménech-Matamoros","doi":"10.18176/resp.00014","DOIUrl":"10.18176/resp.00014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe the possible relationship between the use of antipsychotic drugs and the presence of metabolic syndrome. Other objectives are to list the main side effects of antipsychotic treatment, and to determine if there is any pharmacological treatment that can contribute towards counteracting metabolic syndrome.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>A narrative bibliographic review was carried out of the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, IBECS, LILACS and HealthCare. Preference in the selection process was given to clinical trials and systematic review articles or review articles and some articles that were considered relevant because of their content. The time period was limited to between January 2014 and November 2019. The languages were English and Spanish. Repeated articles and those that were not related to the objectives were rejected. The search criteria were: \"antipsychotic AND metabolic syndrome\"; \"schizophrenia AND metabolic syndrome\"; \"bipolar disorder AND metabolic syndrome\"; \"metabolic syndrome AND suicide NOT disorder\"; \"metabolic syndrome AND prisons\"; \"metabolic syndrome AND prolactin\".</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>24 articles were selected out of the 510 that were consulted. The relationship between atypical antipsychotics and metabolic syndrome was evident. Other anticholinergic, antidopaminergic effects, extrapyramidal syndromes, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, hypotension, arrhythmias, sedation, hypovitaminosis D, increased prolactin, sexual dysfunction, sleep disturbances, etc. are also highlighted. Pharmacological associations with other drugs were also found.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>There is a relationship between the use of atypical antipsychotics and weight gain, lipid disorders, glucose and high blood pressure. There are some associated drugs that decrease some symptoms (ranitidine, topiramate, metformin, melatonin, modafinil). Patients taking this type of medication should be monitored and encouraged to lead healthy lifestyles.</p>","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 2","pages":"80-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b3/80/2013-6463-sanipe-22-02-80.PMC7537359.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38179747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic comorbidity, the new enemy. Metabolic syndrome and steatohepatitis.","authors":"J M Rivera Esteban,&nbsp;S Augustin Recio","doi":"10.18176/resp.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00010","url":null,"abstract":"55 doi: 10.18176/resp.00010 In recent decades we have observed a progressive increase in the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases worldwide. This trend is more notable in developed countries and has been attributed to (amongst other factors) a gradual ageing of the population, unhealthy lifestyles and to healthcare advances that have increased life expectancy. The prison population is also afectted by these global socio-demographic changes. The prison population in Spain has been ageing progressively in recent years, mainly due to an increased imprisonment of older people and longer sentences. At present, the average age of inmates in Spain is 39 years and almost 30% of inmates are over 45 years of age1,2. One non-communicable chronic disease that has recently come under the spotlight is metabolic syndrome. The incidence of this condition has increased exponentially in recent years to become one of the main public health concerns of this century and is now a high priority health objective at international level. Metabolic syndrome is made up of a spectrum of diseases (obesity, higharterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia), and their importance rests on their role as risk factors for high morbimortality diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory and hepatic diseases, etc3,4. National studies in general population shows a prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Spain around 22-32%, but unfortunately there are very few studies evaluating the presence and impact of metabolic syndrome in prison population. The prevalence of arterial hypertensión in Spanish prisons is estimated to be 25%; while levels of dyslipidemia are estimated at 18% and diabetes mellitus at 10% in persons over 45 years of age, while 20% of such patients are obese (defined as a body mass index of over 30 kg/m2)5,6 Such numbers contradict the stereotypical perceptions held in experts circles outside prison, since they are not very different from those observed amongst the general population. One factor that could help to explain the increase of metabolic pathology amongst inmates is that the prison population is ageing, as we commented above. Another probable explanation is that particular factors of this population are contributing towards the increase in prevalence. On the one hand, we know that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases by up to 70% in patients with mental illnesses in the general population. These patients often take second-generation antipsychotic drugs, which are linked to weight gain and the risk of dyslipidemia or diabetes mellitus. This factor takes on even greater importance in prison, where the prevalence of severe mental illness is four times that of the general population, and almost half of the patients that go to psychiatric consultations in prison receive treatment with neuroleptic medication7. It has also been documented that the prison population is more likely to fall ill than the general public, when compared by age","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 2","pages":"55-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/26/4c/2013-6463-sanipe-22-02-55.PMC7537357.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38179743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity in a Mexican prison.","authors":"A J Argüello-González,&nbsp;M A García-Zazueta","doi":"10.18176/resp.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Overweight and obesity constitute a public health problem; There are few prevalence studies of inmates. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst inmates of the Islas Marias Prison Complex and to evaluate the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as diagnostic measurements for abdominal obesity in this population.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>Analytical, retrospective cross-sectional study at Rural Hospital No. 20 Islas Marias Nayarit, Mexico, with 426 cases from January 2016 to March 2017, who were male inmates from 18 to 73 years of age. The following ratios were calculated: BMI, WHR WHtR. A descriptive analysis was carried out for quantitative variables, frequencies and percentages by group, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), Youden index, positive and negative likelihood ratios of WHR and WHtR; ANOVA F test, Student's t-test, ROC curve, STROBE statement, SPSS v. 22.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>51.41% cases presented as overweight, 25.35% were obese, the cut-off point was 0.935 for WHR (s = 0.833; e = 0.717) and 0.545 for WHtR ICA (s = 0.981; e = 0.818). WHtR showed a good performance according to the Youden index.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>There was a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in prisoners at the Islas Marias Prison Complex, WHtR showed better performance than WHR for diagnosing abdominal obesity. It is suggested that measurement of WHI should be included in daily medical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 2","pages":"58-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1e/2e/2013-6463-sanipe-22-02-58.PMC7537363.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38179746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}