Contexto Internacional最新文献

{"title":"Colonial Reminiscences, Colonial Remains: Forum on the Actuality of Benjamin’s ‘Critique of Violence’ at Its Centenary, Part II","authors":"Aggie Hirst, Tom Houseman, Vinícius Armele","doi":"10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20200078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20200078","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Walter Benjamin published his influential essay ‘Critique of Violence’/‘Zur Kritik der Gewalt’ in 1921, and the work has troubled and provoked thinkers across disciplines for over a century now. This Forum gathers a group of scholars in philosophy, political science, international relations and legal studies to reflect on the actuality of Benjamin’s essay for contemporary critical theory. In Part II of the Forum, Aggie Hirst, Tom Houseman, and Vinícius Armele draw on Benjamin to analyse what remains of European colonialism. Hirst and Houseman interrogate the extent to which Walter Benjamin’s notion of divine violence may be useful in the service of decolonial struggle. Insofar as it is antithetical to the colonial order – which is inaugurated and reproduced by the law making and law preserving functions of mythic violence – divine violence appears to open a space for conceptualising a far-reaching challenge to the violence encrypted in that order that is ‘lethal without spilling blood’. Because the exercise of such ‘power over all life’ is exercised ‘for the sake of living,’ Benjamin argues, its accompanying sacrifices are acceptable. Drawing on postcolonial and decolonial theory, Hirst and Houseman offer a critique of the ‘God’s-eye view’ inherent to any claim to divine violence. Benjamin’s text can generate powerful insights into the nature and limits of decolonial struggles, but it ultimately fails in providing an alternative to the mythic violence it criticises, by reproducing – at the heart of the emancipatory concept of divine violence – a problematic impersonation of a divine authorial voice that is already a trope of coloniality. Armele’s reflection seeks to recover ancient tragedy’s role of reluctance toward the previously unquestionable power of the violence of mythical destiny. Resume Benjamin’s contributions on (1) melancholy and Romanticism, which represents the revolt of repressed, channelled and deformed subjectivity and affectivity, and (2) the criticism of the violence that is established in the manifestation of its ethical relations between law [Recht] and justice [Gerechtigkeit], Armele reveals the intertwining of the experience of historical time and the orientation of current political struggles. Inspired by Benjamin, he examines the action of the Black Lives Matters movement in Bristol, UK, which toppled a statue of the slave trader Edward Colston, and threw it in the city’s harbour, reopening a historical wound of colonialism and national memory.","PeriodicalId":30003,"journal":{"name":"Contexto Internacional","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135773130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Punctuated Equilibrium in the Regime Complex of International Development Cooperation","authors":"Laerte Apolinário Júnior","doi":"10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20210066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20210066","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the past, International Development Cooperation (IDC) was an analogue for Official Development Assistance (ODA) in which three central institutions, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (DAC/OECD) regulated the practices of donors and recipients. Recently, a far more complex and diversified scenario characterized by new actors and approaches is replacing this architecture. This paper analyses the transformations in the IDC field, interpreting these processes through an analytical framework of the sources of institutional change. One of its principal contributions is highlighting a pattern of “punctuated equilibrium” through a theory-guided historical analysis, that reflects both periods of stasis and innovation instead of a gradual process of change. We argue that innovation depends on dissatisfaction and shocks, and that the nature of invention depends on a homogeneity of interests among its prominent actors. This paper is based on a research agenda that applies the punctuated equilibrium concept of social theory to the analysis of international regime complexes.","PeriodicalId":30003,"journal":{"name":"Contexto Internacional","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135772943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Violence/Power/Force and Struggle over Time in Contemporary Brazil: Forum on the Actuality of Benjamin’s ‘Critique of Violence’ at Its Centenary, Part V","authors":"Rafael Barros Vieira","doi":"10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20200068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20200068","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Walter Benjamin published his influential essay ‘Critique of Violence’/‘Zur Kritik der Gewalt’ in 1921, and the work has troubled and provoked thinkers across disciplines for over a century now. This Forum gathers a group of scholars in philosophy, political science, international relations and legal studies to reflect on the actuality of Benjamin’s essay for contemporary critical theory. In Part V of the Forum, Rafael Barros Vieira argues that Benjamin’s essay ‘Zur Kritik der Gewalt’ (Critique of Violence/Power/Force) is deeply penetrated by the historical problems of the revolution and counterrevolution in Germany. In a certain sense, it is a conjunctural text, although it goes beyond its own context by seeking to apprehend historical phenomena of longue durée. Unfortunately, Vieira argues, this contextual aspect tends to disappear in readings that emphasize only a kind of philosophical ‘purity’ of this essay. Vieira hypothesizes that the essay, in addition to facing conjunctural problems, can be used to understand other conjunctures by highlighting the relations between law, history and social classes (in a wide conception of social classes that will be present in Benjamin’s work and will be made explicit in his late writings). The purpose of turning to this essay is to critically understand the exercise of violence/power/force in liberal states, particularly that of Brazil, highlighting the movement through which the authoritarian and fascist forces rise around liberal state structures. As Benjamin points out in one of the variants of the essay on the work of art, fascism is the conservation of relations of production and property through violence. However, violence is not a product only of this type of regime, although it certainly radicalizes it. Vieira proposes to understand how this is expressed in this recent period of Brazil, marked by the combination of the rise of a president with fascist traits, the reorganization of certain liberal institutions and the implementation of typically neoliberal reforms.","PeriodicalId":30003,"journal":{"name":"Contexto Internacional","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135773143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brazilian response to the Venezuelan humanitarian crisis: Operation Acolhida as a politics of hope","authors":"Matheus Augusto Soares, Nerissa Krebs Farret","doi":"10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e2021036.","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e2021036.","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article discusses how Operation Acolhida, within the context of the Venezuela Situation, functions as a customized politics of hope where the Venezuelans refugees and migrants crossing the Brazilian border’s need for hope of is instrumentalized in a strategy to define how/what to hope for. The methodology is divided in the following subsections: the first section brings the discussion on the metaphysics of presence and its logocentric and teleologic perspectives; section two discusses how theories and understanding of hope have been evolving from the Ancient Greek thinkers till the present day and presents the politics of hope as a tool to understand the Operation Acolhida. The last two sections draw its conclusions by analysing how Operation Acolhida activates a customized strategy.","PeriodicalId":30003,"journal":{"name":"Contexto Internacional","volume":"479 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135772942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myth and authority: Forum on the Actuality of Benjamin’s ‘Critique of Violence’ at Its Centenary, Part I - The Mythical Authority of Foundation: towards a critique of justice","authors":"Allan M. Hillani","doi":"10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20200133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20200133","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This essay proposes an interpretation of the relationship between law, violence, and justice based on Walter Benjamin’s work ‘Critique of Violence.’ I argue that, in the essay, the three terms are sustained by an underlying notion of authority, which, according to Benjamin, has a mythical character. This is shown by an interpretation of how law’s authority is linked to its mythical foundation. Then, by analysing Western mythology and how the notion of authority in our tradition is linked to the Roman figures of Romulus and Numa, I propose a new interpretation of the relationship between law and myth in Benjamin’s text, showing how law also depends on a mythical justice and how the critique of violence must also involve a critique of justice. I end the paper by tracing a parallel between Benjamin’s divine violence and what could be termed divine justice.","PeriodicalId":30003,"journal":{"name":"Contexto Internacional","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135773134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biopower: Forum on the Actuality of Benjamin's 'Critique of Violence' at Its Centenary, Part IV","authors":"sasha skaidra, R. Guy Emerson","doi":"10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20200087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20200087","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Walter Benjamin published his influential essay ‘Critique of Violence’/‘Zur Kritik der Gewalt’ in 1921, and the work has troubled and provoked thinkers across disciplines for over a century now. This Forum gathers a group of scholars in philosophy, political science, international relations and legal studies to reflect on the actuality of Benjamin’s essay for contemporary critical theory. In their separate contributions, sasha skaidra and R. Guy Emerson each elaborate on how Benjamin’s classic illuminates contemporary understandings of the politics of life and (violent) death globally. skaidra takes the Sanctuary City movement in Europe and North America as a focus. Arguing that Sanctuary politics is limited in its capacity to challenge borders in-of-themselves because the movement is caught in a false antinomy between natural and positive law that Benjamin critiques, skaidra’s contribution proposes a critique of borders that emulates Benjamin’s method which isolates violence from the mystification of legal theory. Whereas migrant justice movements threaten the state order by challenging Westphalian notions of time, Sanctuary operates like a purgatory wherein a potential messianic migrant figure could herald the end of state borders. skaidra proposes the idea of utopic purgatory as a means to isolate how Sanctuary Cities contribute to and limit a critique of borders. In the second sole-authored contribution to this section of the forum, Emerson rereads Benjamin in relation to Foucault by thinking biopower through criteria irreducible to official qualifications on life or the efficient management of populations. As a pure means without ends, violence for Benjamin cannot confirm anything external to it, be it the protection of life that comes after its elimination elsewhere or the regulation of life that follows the suppression of alterity. Instead, for Emerson, violent biopower, as pure, manifests a deadly order that immediately strikes life in a manner too abrupt to confirm rule or regulate populations. The result is a criterion for understanding both violence and life in biopower that maintains its distance from official intentions.","PeriodicalId":30003,"journal":{"name":"Contexto Internacional","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135773193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hegemony, consensus building, and pedagogical colonisation: new ways of external interference?","authors":"C. Vidal","doi":"10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20200053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20200053","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study is a theoretical effort to rethink International Relations from the perspective of Neo-Gramscian Critical Theory in which its empirical object is the US hegemony in the scope of Latin America. More specifically, this study refers to the fabrication of consensus directed by an American ruling class through its own vehicle for this – the Atlas Network – which finds legitimacy and support in its Latin American counterparts. Based on primary data, public documents, and specialised bibliography, this study aims to contribute to the rethinking of International Relations using this institute as an object of empirical relation to theoretical study. More than presenting domination strategies through private hegemony apparatus, this study encourages us to reflect on relatively forgotten (or marginalised) practices and concepts in International Relations, such as imperialism, hegemony, and the role of consensus building. Finally, from Critical Theory, it contributes to understand the role of ruling classes in the creation of consensus in subaltern countries and classes to maintain this same hegemonic structure.","PeriodicalId":30003,"journal":{"name":"Contexto Internacional","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87371296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EU’s Democractic Conditionality: Democratic Principles and Procedures?","authors":"Déborah Silva do Monte","doi":"10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20210020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20210020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article aims at explaining the changes in the democratic conditionality of the European Union over time from the institutional contexts of the domestic and regional levels. The comparison milestones regard enlargements that happened between 1993 and 2014. Variations on the dependent variable are analysed in light of the principles and procedures of the concept of polyarchy (Dahl 1989). This analysis demonstrates and explains that the democratic conditionality of the EU has changed over time, becoming more complete and with more pluralist principles when applied to the enlargements. It also highlights the relation between the democratic conditionality and the democratic deficit of the EU by the incorporation of democratic principles and procedures in EU institutions.","PeriodicalId":30003,"journal":{"name":"Contexto Internacional","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82795342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Scientometric Database of Scientific Publications in Brazilian International Relations Journals (1997-2021)","authors":"Pedro Diniz Rocha","doi":"10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20210064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20210064","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article, we present a new dataset covering metadata on 14 Brazilian International Relations (BIR) journals and more than 5000 articles published between 1997 and 2021. We collected the data by harvesting the journals’ public web pages via web scraping and later cleaned and structured the information in a rectangular format. A complete understanding of the International Relations field in Brazil requires a deep analysis of the ecosystem of IR academic journals and engaging explicitly and exclusively with scientific articles published in such venues. But, as of today, scientometric analysis covering BIR is rare and limited, as primary indexing sources and popular databases do not fully cover Brazilian International Relations journals. By presenting and publishing the dataset we aim to overcome such a barrier and encourage further scientometric studies in the country.","PeriodicalId":30003,"journal":{"name":"Contexto Internacional","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135772939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization: a survival analysis","authors":"Samuel Rufino de Carvalho, Andréa Freire de Lucena","doi":"10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20210034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e20210034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper analyses whether the level of development affects a state’s participation in the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The methodology relies on the Survival Analysis with two different tools. First, the Kaplan-Meier Curve, which indicates the survival time of an individual until the occurrence of an event, was plotted. Thereafter, the Cox Regression was used. This tool associates Survival Analysis to linear regression in order to examine the impacts of some independent variables on the time until the occurrence of the observed events. The results showed that states with higher levels of GDP and HDI, and with a larger population, have more chances of initiating a dispute and being a respondent. Likewise, the American and the European continents are more likely to experience these events. Developed and Developing countries experience the incidence of an event more easily when compared to Least Developed Countries.","PeriodicalId":30003,"journal":{"name":"Contexto Internacional","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135772941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}