Bioconjugate ChemistryPub Date : 2025-01-15Epub Date: 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00364
Jonas Schöning, Lukas Rösner, Dominic Alexej Depke, Sabine Hüwel, Anastasiia Kukhar, Michael Schäfers, Andrea Rentmeister
{"title":"Toolbox of Clickable Benzylguanines for Labeling of HoxB8-Derived Macrophages via SNAP-Tag and Bioorthogonal Chemistry.","authors":"Jonas Schöning, Lukas Rösner, Dominic Alexej Depke, Sabine Hüwel, Anastasiia Kukhar, Michael Schäfers, Andrea Rentmeister","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammation is a dynamic process which importantly involves migration of immune cells. Understanding the onset, acute phase and resolution of inflammation is greatly facilitated by their <i>in vivo</i> imaging. However, immune cells are sensitive, difficult to genetically manipulate and prone to changes in response to contact, hindering the application of well-established cell labeling methods. We generated the first reported SNAP-tag expressing conditionally immortalized early hematopoietic progenitor cells (ER-HoxB8) and synthesized benzylguanine (BG) analogs with bioorthogonal groups for SNAP-tag mediated cell surface labeling. Comparative investigation of SNAP-tag positive HeLa cells, ER-HoxB8 progenitor cells and ER-HoxB8-derived macrophages as well as neutrophiles revealed remarkable differences in labeling depending on the bioorthogonal group and fluorescent reporter used. HeLa cells and ER-HoxB8 progenitor cells were efficiently labeled with BG analogs bearing an azide and a dioxolan-fused <i>trans</i>-cyclooctene (dTCO). When we differentiated ER-HoxB8 cells into macrophages, labeling was less bright due to lower SNAP-tag expression and only the tetrazine ligation of dTCO proved suitable for cell-type specific labeling. These results show that exploring different reactions and bioorthogonal groups is important to address the challenge of labeling differentiated immune cells. Combining the SNAP-tag with click chemistry provides a modular approach for cell-specific labeling and the combination of SNAP-tag and dTCO presents an improved system for labeling ER-HoxB8-derived macrophages.</p>","PeriodicalId":29,"journal":{"name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","volume":"36 1","pages":"34-43"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peptide Nanocarriers for Targeted Delivery of Nucleic Acids for Cancer Therapy.","authors":"Chunli Song, Leying Jiang, Xinrui Sha, Zijun Jiao, Yun Xing, Xi Li, Xinyu Li, Zhiyong Yao, Zigang Li, Dongyuan Wang, Lixiang Zhang, Yaping Zhang, Feng Yin","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00324","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peptides have been extensively studied in nanomedicine with great bioactivity and biocompatibility; however, their poor cell-membrane-penetrating properties and nonselectivity greatly limit their clinical applications. In this study, tumor-targeting therapy was achieved by modifying our previously developed efficient peptide vector with the cancer-targeting peptide RGD, enabling it to specifically target tumor cells with a high expression of RGD-binding receptors. B-cell lymphoma-2 antisense oligonucleotides were selected as the target model to validate the effectiveness of the delivery carriers. Results demonstrated that this delivery system can be efficiently and selectively taken up by RGD receptor-positive cells (α<sub>v</sub>β<sub>3</sub> integrin receptor), further inducing effective target gene knockdown. Overall, this system provided a promising strategy for the targeted delivery of nucleic acid drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":29,"journal":{"name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"25-33"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioconjugate ChemistryPub Date : 2025-01-15Epub Date: 2024-12-29DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00572
Xinxin Zhang, Li Ma, Ke Cai, Xiangyuan Guo, Guangtao Zhang, Jiajing Dong, Yifan Zheng, Xiaoyu Su, Tao Tao, Xiaohu Li, Yue Yuan
{"title":"PSMA-Targeted Intracellular Self-Assembled Probe for Enhanced PET Imaging.","authors":"Xinxin Zhang, Li Ma, Ke Cai, Xiangyuan Guo, Guangtao Zhang, Jiajing Dong, Yifan Zheng, Xiaoyu Su, Tao Tao, Xiaohu Li, Yue Yuan","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Positron-emission tomography (PET) offers high sensitivity for cancer diagnosis. However, small-molecule-based probes often exhibit insufficient accumulation in tumor sites, while nanoparticle-based agents typically have limited delivery efficiency. To address this challenge, this study proposes a novel PET imaging probe, <sup>68</sup>Ga-CBT-PSMA, designed for prostate cancer. This probe integrates an intracellular self-assembly strategy to enhance PET imaging signals and significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The glutamate-urea-based prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting motif enables specific recognition of prostate cancer cells and enhances cellular uptake; then the self-assembly process induced by glutathione reduction effectively accumulates the probe within tumor cells, thereby amplifying PET imaging signals. This approach not only enhances signal intensity and resolution but also facilitates precise cancer localization and diagnosis, offering new avenues for advancing cancer diagnostic techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":29,"journal":{"name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","volume":"36 1","pages":"20-24"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Delivery of Monomethyl Auristatin F to the Tumor Microenvironment with Noninternalizing Fibroblast Activation Protein-Cleavable Small Molecule-Drug Conjugates Elicits Potent <i>In Vivo</i> Anticancer Activity.","authors":"Matilde Bocci, Lucrezia Principi, Ettore Gilardoni, Dario Neri, Samuele Cazzamalli, Andrea Galbiati","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00503","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>OncoFAP is an ultrahigh affinity ligand of fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a tumor-associated antigen overexpressed in the stroma of the majority of solid tumors. OncoFAP has been previously implemented as a tumor-homing moiety for the development of small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs). In the same context, the glycine--proline dipeptide was included with the aim to selectively undergo cleavage only in the presence of the target FAP, triggering the consequent release of the cytotoxic payload in the tumor microenvironment. In this work, we evaluate the use of monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) as a payload, a close derivative of MMAE bearing a charged carboxylic acid that hampers its cellular permeability, typically employed in the development of internalizing antibody-drug conjugates. The novel OncoFAP-GlyPro-MMAF and the previously described OncoFAP-GlyPro-MMAE were compared in a head-to-head therapeutic experiment in mice bearing FAP-positive tumors. Surprisingly, the MMAF conjugate mediated potent antitumor activity, despite its poor cellular permeability.</p>","PeriodicalId":29,"journal":{"name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"15-19"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioconjugate ChemistryPub Date : 2025-01-15Epub Date: 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00496
Francesca Buco, Francesca Clemente, Amelia Morrone, Costanza Vanni, Sergio E Moya, Francesca Cardona, Andrea Goti, Marco Marradi, Camilla Matassini
{"title":"Multivalent GCase Enhancers: Synthesis and Evaluation of Glyco-Gold Nanoparticles Decorated with Trihydroxypiperidine Iminosugars.","authors":"Francesca Buco, Francesca Clemente, Amelia Morrone, Costanza Vanni, Sergio E Moya, Francesca Cardona, Andrea Goti, Marco Marradi, Camilla Matassini","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00496","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study reports the preparation of the first multivalent iminosugars built onto a glyco-gold nanoparticle core (glyco-AuNPs) capable of stabilizing or enhancing the activity of the lysosomal enzyme GCase, which is defective in Gaucher disease. An <i>N</i>-nonyltrihydroxypiperidine was selected as the bioactive iminosugar unit and further functionalized, via copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition, with a thiol-ending linker that allowed the conjugation to the gold core. These bioactive ligands were obtained with either a linear monomeric or dendritic trimeric arrangement of the iminosugar. The concentration of the bioactive iminosugar on the gold surface was modulated with different amounts of a glucoside bearing a short thiol-ending spacer as the inner ligand. The new mixed-ligand coated glyco-AuNPs were fully characterized, and those with the highest colloidal stability in aqueous medium were subjected to biological evaluation. Glyco-AuNPs with trimeric iminosugar bioactive units showed the ability to stabilize recombinant GCase in a thermal denaturation assay, while Glyco-AuNPs with monomeric iminosugar bioactive units were able to enhance the activity of mutant GCase in Gaucher patient's fibroblasts by 1.9-fold at 2.2 μM.</p>","PeriodicalId":29,"journal":{"name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"92-103"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioconjugate ChemistryPub Date : 2025-01-15Epub Date: 2024-12-27DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00480
Meng Mao, Yingjie Wu, Qiang He
{"title":"Breaking Through Physiological Barriers: Nanorobotic Strategies for Active Drug Delivery.","authors":"Meng Mao, Yingjie Wu, Qiang He","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00480","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-propelled micro/nanomotors (MNMs) represent a groundbreaking advancement in precision drug delivery, offering potential solutions to persistent challenges such as systemic toxicity, limited bioavailability, and nonspecific distribution. By transforming various energy sources into mechanical motion, MNMs are able to autonomously navigate through complex physiological environments, facilitating targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to previously inaccessible regions. However, to achieve efficient in vivo drug delivery, biomedical MNMs must demonstrate their ability to overcome crucial physiological barriers encompassing mucosal surfaces, blood flow dynamics, vascular endothelium, and cellular membrane. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest strategies developed to address these obstacles while also analyzing the broader challenges and opportunities associated with clinical translation. Our objective is to establish a solid foundation for future research in medical MNMs by focusing on enhancing drug delivery efficiency and advancing precision medicine, ultimately paving the way for practical theragnostic applications and wider clinical adoption.</p>","PeriodicalId":29,"journal":{"name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioconjugate ChemistryPub Date : 2025-01-15Epub Date: 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00564
Tukang Peng, Gang Huang, Haitao Zhao, Jianjun Liu
{"title":"Development of an Irreversible Peptidomimetic Radioligand for PET Imaging of ST14 Protease.","authors":"Tukang Peng, Gang Huang, Haitao Zhao, Jianjun Liu","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00564","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00564","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To enhance the affinity of peptide ligands for their targets, covalent warheads can be engineered to facilitate irreversible binding. This study aimed at exploring the potential of a <sup>68</sup>Ga-labeled peptidomimetic radioligand, [<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-DOTA-RQAR-kbt, for PET imaging through its irreversible binding to the suppression of tumorigenicity 14 (ST14). An Arg-Gln-Ala-Arg (RQAR) tetrapeptide was conjugated with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid for gallium-68 radiolabeling. The covalent warhead ketobenzothiazole was constructed as a serine trap for ST14 protease, resulting in the formation of DOTA-RQAR-kbt. We compared both the <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> properties of [<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-DOTA-RQAR-kbt with those of its reversible-binding counterparts, [<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-DOTA-RQAR-OH. DOTA-RQAR-kbt exhibits high affinity for ST14 and irreversibly binds to ST14, as evidenced by the lack of ST14 activity recovery following ultrafiltration. In contrast, DOTA-RQAR-OH shows reversible binding and has low affinity for ST14. PET/CT imaging confirmed the superior tumor targeting of [<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-DOTA-RQAR-kbt compared to the [<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-DOTA-RQAR-OH, with robust signals observed at 0.5, 1, and 2 h postinjection. Blocking studies underscored the probe's specificity, as they revealed a marked reduction in tumor uptake in the presence of excess RQAR-kbt. Biodistribution studies demonstrated significantly higher tumor uptake for [<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-DOTA-RQAR-kbt, with 0.89 ± 0.03%ID/g at 1 h postinjection, which was reduced to 0.25 ± 0.03%ID/g (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in the presence of excess RQAR-kbt. In this proof-of-concept study, an irreversibly binding peptidomimetic radioligand targeting ST14 was evaluated, demonstrating improved tumor uptake <i>in vivo</i> compared with its reversibly binding counterparts. This approach holds promise for improving the potency of covalent radiotracers as PET agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":29,"journal":{"name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"116-126"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioconjugate ChemistryPub Date : 2025-01-15Epub Date: 2024-12-20DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00419
Eshan A Narasipura, Yutian Ma, Palas Balakdas Tiwade, Rachel VanKeulen-Miller, Vincent Fung, Owen S Fenton
{"title":"A Chemoinformatic-Guided Synthesis of a Spleen-Expressing mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle Platform.","authors":"Eshan A Narasipura, Yutian Ma, Palas Balakdas Tiwade, Rachel VanKeulen-Miller, Vincent Fung, Owen S Fenton","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00419","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a powerful technology that are actively being investigated for their ability to prevent, treat, and study disease. However, a major limitation remains: achieving extrahepatic mRNA expression. The development of new carriers could enable the expression of mRNA in non-liver targets, thus expanding the utility of mRNA-based medicines. In this study, we use a combination of chemoinformatic-guided material synthesis and design of experiment optimization for the development of a spleen-expressing lipid nanoparticle (SE-LNP). We begin with the synthesis of a novel cholesterol derivative followed by SE-LNP formulation and design of experiment-guided optimization to identify three lead SE-LNPs. We then evaluate their <i>in vitro</i> delivery mechanism, <i>in vivo</i> biodistribution, and protein expression in mice, ultimately achieving spleen-preferential expression. The goal of this paper is thus to create LNPs that preferentially express mRNA in the spleen upon intravenous delivery, demonstrating the potential of LNPs to modulate gene expression in extrahepatic tissues for disease treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":29,"journal":{"name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"54-65"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioconjugate ChemistryPub Date : 2025-01-15Epub Date: 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00434
Carola Romani, Paola Gagni, Maria Enrica Di Pietro, Monica Sani, Mattia Sponchioni, Alessandro Volonterio
{"title":"Fine-Tuned \"Click\" Functionalization of PAMAM Dendrimers with a Linear Fluorinated Guanidino Linker: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications.","authors":"Carola Romani, Paola Gagni, Maria Enrica Di Pietro, Monica Sani, Mattia Sponchioni, Alessandro Volonterio","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00434","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents the synthesis, characterization, and application of multifunctional PAMAM G2 and G4 dendrimers decorated with a linear fluorinated guanidino linker designed to improve gene delivery efficiency while minimizing cytotoxicity. For the first time, we were able to fine-tune the degree of grafting (DG) during the functionalization process through efficient \"click\" Michael addition, achieving the synthesis of a collection of six PAMAM conjugates that showed a significant enhancement in transfection efficiency (TE), surpassing the performance of traditional nonviral vectors. The incorporation of fluorinated moieties not only facilitated better deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) condensation and TE but also introduced potential applications in <sup>19</sup>F magnetic resonance imaging thanks to the sharp and intense fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance signals and favorable relaxation parameters. The new dendrimer conjugates demonstrated a promising balance between low cytotoxicity and high TE, with the low-generation PAMAM G2 with lower DG being the best-performing conjugate, making them strong candidates for further development in gene therapy. These findings highlight the potential of these multifunctional PAMAM dendrimers as efficient, nontoxic, and trackable gene delivery vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":29,"journal":{"name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"66-79"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142612604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paulina Erwardt, Bartosz Szymczak, Marek Wiśniewski, Bartosz Maciejewski, Michał Świdziński, Janusz Strzelecki, Wiesław Nowak, Katarzyna Roszek
{"title":"l-Asparaginase Immobilized on Nanographene Oxide as an Efficient Nanobiocatalytic Tool for Asparagine Depletion in Leukemia Cells.","authors":"Paulina Erwardt, Bartosz Szymczak, Marek Wiśniewski, Bartosz Maciejewski, Michał Świdziński, Janusz Strzelecki, Wiesław Nowak, Katarzyna Roszek","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>l-Asparaginase (l-ASNase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-asparagine, leading to its depletion and subsequent effects on the cellular proliferation and survival. In contrast to normal cells, malignant cells that lack asparagine synthase are extremely susceptible to asparagine deficiency. l-ASNase has been successfully employed in treating pediatric leukemias and non-Hodgkin lymphomas; however, its usage in adult patients and other types of cancer is limited due to significant side effects and drug resistance. Recent research has explored alternative formulations and delivery methods to enhance its efficacy and minimize adverse effects. One promising approach involves the immobilization of l-ASNase onto nanostructured materials, offering improved enzymatic activity and biocompatibility of the support. We harnessed an <i>E. coli</i> l-ASNase type II preparation to develop a novel strategy of enzyme immobilization on graphene oxide (GO)-based support. We compared GO and nanographene oxide (nGO) in terms of their biocompatibility and influence on enzyme parameters. The obtained l-ASNase on the nGO nanobiocatalyst maintains enzymatic activity and increases its stability, selectively acting on K562 leukemia cells without cytotoxic influence on normal endothelial cells. In the case of treated K562 cells, we confirmed enlargement in the cell and nucleus size, disturbance in the cell cycle (interphase and metaphase), and increased apoptosis rate. The potential therapeutic possibilities of immobilized l-ASNase on leukemia cell damage are also discussed, highlighting the importance of further research in this area for advancing cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":29,"journal":{"name":"Bioconjugate Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}