Discover Social Science and Health最新文献

{"title":"An analysis of changes in wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK","authors":"J. Murphy, M. Elliot","doi":"10.1007/s44155-022-00009-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-022-00009-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29972,"journal":{"name":"Discover Social Science and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47702874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic disparities in the uptake of substances of abuse: results from a household cross-sectional survey in Murang’ a County, Kenya","authors":"V. Were, C. Okoyo, S. Araka, Henry M Kanyi, E. Echoka, C. Mwandawiro, D. Njomo","doi":"10.1007/s44155-022-00008-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-022-00008-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29972,"journal":{"name":"Discover Social Science and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44505371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The needs, challenges, and burden experienced by informal caregivers in Uganda: a scoping review","authors":"A. Komuhangi, C. Jenkins, F. Nakaggwa, P. Agaba, F. Githinji, A. Ewuzie, J. Apio, A. K. Namwanje, O. Santin, M. Macdonald, C. McShane, C. Misinde, L. Montgomery, R. C. Nanyonga","doi":"10.1007/s44155-022-00004-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-022-00004-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29972,"journal":{"name":"Discover Social Science and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48376445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescent Cannabis Users Who Have Never Smoked A Combustible Cigarette: Trends and Level of Addictive Drug Use from 1976 to 2020.","authors":"Richard A Miech","doi":"10.1007/s44155-022-00005-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-022-00005-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescents cannabis users are at a substantially elevated risk for use of highly addictive drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Unknown is whether this elevated risk applies to adolescent cannabis users who have never smoked a combustible cigarette, a group that has grown considerably in size in recent years. This study documents the recent growth in the proportion of adolescent cannabis users who abstain from combustible cigarette use, and examines their probability for use of addictive drugs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data are annual, cross-sectional, nationally-representative Monitoring the Future surveys of 607,932 U.S. 12^th grade students from 1976-2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among ever cannabis users, the percentage who had never smoked a combustible cigarette grew from 11% in 2000 to 58% in 2020. This group had levels of addictive drug use that were 8% higher than their peers. In comparison, adolescents who had ever used cannabis - regardless of whether they had ever smoked a cigarette - had levels of addictive drug use 500% higher than their peers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adolescent cannabis users who have not smoked a combustible cigarette have much lower levels of addictive drug use than the group of cannabis users as a whole. These results suggest policies and laws aimed at reducing adolescent prevalence of addictive drugs may do better to focus on cigarette use of adolescent cannabis users rather than cannabis use per se.</p>","PeriodicalId":29972,"journal":{"name":"Discover Social Science and Health","volume":"2 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10457040/pdf/nihms-1873661.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10483361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating change across time in prevalence or association: the challenges of cross-study comparative research and possible solutions.","authors":"David Bann, Liam Wright, Alice Goisis, Rebecca Hardy, William Johnson, Jane Maddock, Eoin McElroy, Vanessa Moulton, Praveetha Patalay, Shaun Scholes, Richard J Silverwood, George B Ploubidis, Dara O'Neill","doi":"10.1007/s44155-022-00021-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44155-022-00021-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cross-study research initiatives to understand change across time are an increasingly prominent component of social and health sciences, yet they present considerable practical, analytical and conceptual challenges. First, we discuss the key challenges to comparative research as a basis for detecting societal change, as well as possible solutions. We focus on studies which investigate changes across time in outcome occurrence or the magnitude and/or direction of associations. We discuss the use and importance of such research, study inclusion, sources of bias and mitigation, and interpretation. Second, we propose a structured framework (a checklist) that is intended to provide guidance for future authors and reviewers. Third, we outline a new open-access teaching resource that offers detailed instruction and reusable analytical syntax to guide newcomers on techniques for conducting comparative analysis and data visualisation (in both R and Stata formats).</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44155-022-00021-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":29972,"journal":{"name":"Discover Social Science and Health","volume":" ","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9613735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40440103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Race, ethnicity and mortality in the United States during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: an assessment.","authors":"Seife Dendir","doi":"10.1007/s44155-022-00019-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44155-022-00019-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fact that a disproportionate share of the disease burden from COVID-19, including mortality, has been borne by racial and ethnic minority communities is well documented. The purpose of this paper is to reassess the \"race/ethnicity effect\" in COVID-19 mortality in the United States. Using an ecological regression framework and county-level data, the study aims to make two contributions. First, it estimates the race/ethnicity effect for <i>all</i> major racial/ethnic groups at <i>four</i> important junctures during the first year of the pandemic. In doing so, it seeks to provide the fullest possible picture of the nature and evolution of the race/ethnicity effect. Second, it estimates the race/ethnicity effect net of basic socioeconomic factors (SEF). This helps to identify the likely mechanisms through which the race/ethnicity effect operates. Racial/ethnic composition is flexibly measured in two ways-by percentage contributions to county population and by indicators of group plurality. The ecological regressions revealed a positive association between the size of three racial/ethnic groups-non-Hispanic Blacks, non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaskan Natives (AIAN) and Hispanics-and county mortality, although the association was stronger and more consistent for Blacks and AIANs. Furthermore, accounting for basic SEF had different impacts on the race/ethnicity-mortality association for the three groups. For Hispanics, it was almost fully mediated. For Blacks, it decreased but remained statistically significant [62-6% higher mortality associated with a 1-standard deviation increase in Black share of county population; 2.3-1.1 times higher mortality in the average Black plurality county]. For AIANs, it was largely unaffected or even increased [44-10% higher mortality associated with a 1-standard deviation increase in AIAN share; 6.2-1.8 times higher mortality in AIAN plurality county). For all groups, the race/ethnicity effect generally decreased as the pandemic wore on during the first year.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44155-022-00019-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":29972,"journal":{"name":"Discover Social Science and Health","volume":"2 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9511463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10580576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Political ideology and pandemic lifestyles: the indirect effects of empathy, authoritarianism, and threat.","authors":"Terrence D Hill, Ginny Garcia-Alexander, Andrew P Davis, Eric T Bjorklund, Luis A Vila-Henninger, William C Cockerham","doi":"10.1007/s44155-022-00014-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44155-022-00014-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In this paper, we integrate theory and research from sociology, psychology, and political science to develop and test a mediation model that helps to explain <i>why</i> political conservatism is often associated with pandemic behaviors and lifestyles that are inconsistent with public health recommendations for COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using national data from the 2021 <i>Crime, Health, and Politics Survey</i> (n = 1743), we formally test the indirect effects of political conservatism (an index of Republican party identification, conservative political orientation, right-wing news media consumption, and 2020 Trump vote) on pandemic lifestyles (an index of social distancing, hand sanitizing, mask usage, and vaccination) through the mechanisms of empathy (concern about the welfare of others), authoritarian beliefs (authoritarian aggressiveness and acquiescence to authority), and pandemic threat perceptions (threats to self and to the broader society).</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Our results confirm that political conservatism is associated with riskier pandemic lifestyles. We also find that this association is partially mediated by lower levels of empathy, higher levels of authoritarian beliefs, and lower levels of perceived pandemic threat.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Understanding <i>why</i> political conservatism is associated with riskier pandemic lifestyles may eventually lead us to ways of identifying and overcoming widespread cultural barriers to critical pandemic responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":29972,"journal":{"name":"Discover Social Science and Health","volume":" ","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9400002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33443331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On societal response to pandemics: linking past experiences to present events.","authors":"Gazala Khan,&nbsp;Sazzad Parwez","doi":"10.1007/s44155-022-00012-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-022-00012-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a need for a factual understanding of the historical impact of pandemics in the world. Against this backdrop, this study provides a historical understanding of societal behaviour and responses to pandemics. Inferences are primarily drawn from a literature review from the past and present. The present analysis also reflects the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the world and India while providing a novel perspective to understand public health practices in a global context. It suggests the need for a more synchronised health response in pandemics while highlighting the uncertainties and challenges with historical evidence and comparisons to the ongoing pandemic. An emphasis is on learning from historical evidence and ascertaining how these retrospective diagnoses help make arguments about health and illness in our present moment.</p>","PeriodicalId":29972,"journal":{"name":"Discover Social Science and Health","volume":"2 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10115479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9759697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From society to cells and back again: new opportunities for discovery at the biosocial interface.","authors":"Thomas W McDade, Kathleen Mullan Harris","doi":"10.1007/s44155-022-00007-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44155-022-00007-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new generation of community- and population-based research is combining measures of social context, experience, and behavior with direct measures of physiology, gene sequence and function, and health. Studies drawing on models and methods from the social and biological sciences have the potential to illuminate the multilevel mechanisms through which experience becomes biology, and to move past decontextualized and reductionistic approaches to human development, behavior, and health. In this perspective we highlight challenges and opportunities at the biosocial interface, and briefly discuss COVID-19 as a case study demonstrating the importance of linking across levels of analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":29972,"journal":{"name":"Discover Social Science and Health","volume":" ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8905278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48349124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived Corona virus exposure as a function of interpersonal distance and time of a conversation.","authors":"Ola Svenson","doi":"10.1007/s44155-022-00027-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-022-00027-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>During the COVID-19 pandemic people were asked to keep interpersonal distance, wash their hands and avoid gatherings of people. But, do people understand how much a change of the distance to a virus infected person means for the exposure to that person's virus? To answer this question, we studied how people perceive virus exposure from an infected person at different distances and lengths of a conversation.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>An online questionnaire was distributed to 101 participants drawn from the general US population. Participants judged perceived virus exposure at different interpersonal distances to an infected person in a face to face conversation of different lengths of time. A model based on empirical and theoretical studies of dispersion of particles in the air was used to estimate a person's objective virus exposure during different times and distances from a virus source. The model and empirical data show that exposure changes with the square of the distance and linearly with time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A majority (78%) of the participants underestimated the effects on virus exposure following a change of interpersonal distance. The dominating bias was assuming that exposure varies linearly with distance. To illustrate, an approach to a virus source from 6 to 2 feet was judged to give a 3 times higher exposure but, objectively it is 9 times. By way of contrast, perceptions of exposure as a function of the duration of a conversation were unbiased. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus is likely to be followed by other pandemics also caused by airborne Corona or other viruses. Therefore, the results are important for administrators when designing risk communications to the general public and workers in the health care sector about social distancing and infection risks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>People quite drastically underestimate the increase in virus exposure following an approach to a virus infected person. They also overestimate exposure after a move away from an infected person. For public health reasons, the correct function connecting distance with virus exposure should be communicated to the general public to avoid deliberate violations of recommended interpersonal distances.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44155-022-00027-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":29972,"journal":{"name":"Discover Social Science and Health","volume":"2 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9734792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10595583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}