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{"title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in frontline treatment of advanced ovarian cancer: Clinical and translational results from a phase 2 trial.","authors":"Jeffrey A How, Minghao Dang, Sanghoon Lee, Bryan Fellman, Shannon N Westin, Anil K Sood, Nicole D Fleming, Aaron Shafer, Ying Yuan, Jinsong Liu, Li Zhao, Joseph Celestino, Richard Hajek, Margaret B Morgan, Edwin R Parra, Caddie D Laberiano Fernandez, Claudio A Arrechedera, Luisa Maren Solis Soto, Kathleen M Schmeler, Alpa Nick, Karen H Lu, Robert Coleman, Linghua Wang, Amir A Jazaeri","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.07.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.07.022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The efficacy and feasibility of pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy in frontline management of advanced high-grade epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is unknown. Additionally, modification of the tumor microenvironment following neoadjuvant therapy is not well understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this single-arm phase 2 trial (this study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02520154), eligible patients received up to 4 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval cytoreduction, 3 cycles of adjuvant intravenous carboplatin/weekly paclitaxel/pembrolizumab, and finally maintenance pembrolizumab until progression or toxicity (maximum 20 cycles). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included feasibility, toxicity, and overall survival (OS). PD-L1 staining, multiplex immunofluorescence staining, RNA sequencing, reverse-phase protein array analyses were performed on pre- and post-chemotherapy samples.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Thirty-one eligible patients were enrolled. Median PFS and OS was 14.88 (95% CI 12.39-23.00) and 57.43 months (95% CI 30.88-not reached), respectively. Among those with PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) ≥10, the median PFS and OS were not reached compared to those with CPS <10 (10.50 and 30.90 months, respectively). Feasibility was met, with all patients completing their planned adjuvant cycles. Treatment discontinuation due to immune-related toxicity occurred in 6 patients (20%). Chemotherapy resulted in an infiltration of anti-tumor immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Samples of patients with the best PFS demonstrated increased expression of NF-κB, TGF-β, and β-catenin signaling.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pembrolizumab with chemotherapy was feasible and resulted in PFS within the historical range for this EOC population. Patients with CPS ≥10 may benefit more from this regimen, and future studies should investigate this potential biomarker.</p><p><strong>Funding: </strong>This investigator-initiated trial was funded by Merck.</p>","PeriodicalId":29964,"journal":{"name":"Med","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The common p.Ile291Val variant of ERLIN1 enhances TM6SF2 function and is associated with protection against MASLD.","authors":"Miriam Daphne Rendel, Cecilia Vitali, Kate Townsend Creasy, David Zhang, Eleonora Scorletti, Helen Huang, Katharina Sophie Seeling, Joseph Park, Leonida Hehl, Mara Sophie Vell, Donna Conlon, Sikander Hayat, Michael C Phillips, Kai Markus Schneider, Daniel J Rader, Carolin Victoria Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.04.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ERLIN1 p.Ile291Val single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs2862954) is associated with protection from steatotic liver disease (SLD), but effects of this variant on metabolic phenotypes remain uncertain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Metabolic phenotypes and outcomes associated with ERLIN1 p.Ile291Val were analyzed by using a genome-first approach in the UK Biobank (UKB), Penn Medicine BioBank (PMBB), and All of Us cohort.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>ERLIN1 p.Ile291Val carriers exhibited significantly lower serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase as well as higher levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Apolipoprotein B, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and Apolipoprotein A1 in UKB, and these values were affected by ERLIN1 p.Ile291Val in an allele-dose-dependent manner. Homozygous ERLIN1 p.Ile291Val carriers had a significantly reduced risk of developing metabolic dysfunction-associated SLD (MASLD, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-0.96). The protective effect of this variant was enhanced in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Our results were replicated in PMBB and the All of Us cohort. Strikingly, the protective effects of ERLIN1 p.Ile291Val were not apparent in individuals carrying the TM6SF2 p.Glu167Lys variant associated with increased risk of SLD. We analyzed the effects of predicted loss-of-function ERLIN1 variants and found that they had opposite effects, namely reduced plasma lipids, suggesting that ERLIN1 p.Ile291Val may be a gain-of-function variant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study contributes to a better understanding of ERLIN1 by investigating a coding variant that has emerged as a potential gain-of-function mutation with protective effects against MASLD development.</p>","PeriodicalId":29964,"journal":{"name":"Med","volume":" ","pages":"963-980.e5"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141082416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapy for HFpEF: A step forward brings new hope for people with obesity and diabetes.","authors":"Lee-Ling Lim, Kamlesh Khunti","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.06.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2024.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The STEP-HFpEF DM trial¹ showed that semaglutide improved body weight, systemic inflammation, and heart failure symptoms in people with obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and type 2 diabetes. By addressing both metabolic and cardiovascular risk, semaglutide is a promising therapeutic option for HFpEF in addition to SGLT2i.</p>","PeriodicalId":29964,"journal":{"name":"Med","volume":"5 8","pages":"848-851"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decision model for durable clinical benefit from front- or late-line immunotherapy alone or with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer.","authors":"Jie Zhao, Lu Wang, Anda Zhou, Shidi Wen, Wenfeng Fang, Li Zhang, Jianchun Duan, Hua Bai, Jia Zhong, Rui Wan, Boyang Sun, Wei Zhuang, Yiwen Lin, Danming He, Lina Cui, Zhijie Wang, Jie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.04.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.04.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Predictive biomarkers and models of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been extensively studied in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, evidence for many biomarkers remains inconclusive, and the opaqueness of machine learning models hinders practicality. We aimed to provide compelling evidence for biomarkers and develop a transparent decision tree model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We consolidated data from 3,288 ICI-treated patients with NSCLC across real-world multicenter, public cohorts and the Choice-01 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03856411). Over 50 features were examined for predicting durable clinical benefits (DCBs) from ICIs. Noteworthy biomarkers were identified to establish a decision tree model. Additionally, we explored the tumor microenvironment and peripheral CD8⁺ programmed death-1 (PD-1)+ T cell receptor (TCR) profiles.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified tumor histology, PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, tumor mutational burden, line, and regimen of ICI treatment as significant factors. Mutation subtypes of EGFR, KRAS, KEAP1, STK11, and disruptive TP53 mutations were associated with DCB. The decision tree (DT10) model, using the ten clinicopathological and genomic markers, showed superior performance in predicting DCB in the training set (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.82) and consistently outperformed other models in test sets. DT10-predicted-DCB patients manifested longer survival, an enriched inflamed tumor immune phenotype (67%), and higher peripheral TCR diversity, whereas the DT10-predicted-NDB (non-durable benefit) group showed an enriched desert immune phenotype (86%) and higher peripheral TCR clonality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The model effectively predicted DCB after front-/subsequent-line ICI treatment, with or without chemotherapy, for squamous and non-squamous lung cancer, offering clinicians valuable insights into efficacy prediction using cost-effective variables.</p><p><strong>Funding: </strong>This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China.</p>","PeriodicalId":29964,"journal":{"name":"Med","volume":" ","pages":"981-997.e4"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141088984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global pattern, trend, and cross-country inequality of early musculoskeletal disorders from 1990 to 2019, with projection from 2020 to 2050.","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.04.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.04.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to estimate the burden, trends, forecasts, and disparities of early musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders among individuals ages 15 to 39 years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The global prevalence, years lived with disabilities (YLDs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), projection, and inequality were estimated for early MSK diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), low back pain (LBP), neck pain (NP), gout, and other MSK diseases (OMSKDs).</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>More adolescents and young adults were expected to develop MSK disorders by 2050. Across five age groups, the rates of prevalence, YLDs, and DALYs for RA, NP, LBP, gout, and OMSKDs sharply increased from ages 15-19 to 35-39; however, these were negligible for OA before age 30 but increased notably at ages 30-34, rising at least 6-fold by 35-39. The disease burden of gout, LBP, and OA attributable to high BMI and gout attributable to kidney dysfunction increased, while the contribution of smoking to LBP and RA and occupational ergonomic factors to LBP decreased. Between 1990 and 2019, the slope index of inequality increased for six MSK disorders, and the relative concentration index increased for gout, NP, OA, and OMSKDs but decreased for LBP and RA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Multilevel interventions should be initiated to prevent disease burden related to RA, NP, LBP, gout, and OMSKDs among individuals ages 15-19 and to OA among individuals ages 30-34 to tightly control high BMI and kidney dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Funding: </strong>The Global Burden of Disease study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The project is funded by the Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital (2022QN38).</p>","PeriodicalId":29964,"journal":{"name":"Med","volume":" ","pages":"943-962.e6"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11321819/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asciminib: the next-generation bullet for first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.","authors":"Chikashi Yoshida, Tomoiku Takaku","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The standard of care for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) involves tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which suppress tyrosine kinase activity of BCR::ABL1. Hochhaus et al. reported that asciminib, a BCR::ABL1 inhibitor specifically targeting the ABL myristoyl pocket, showed superior efficacy and favorable safety compared with TKIs in the phase 3 ASC4FIRST trial in patients with newly diagnosed chronic-phase CML.¹.</p>","PeriodicalId":29964,"journal":{"name":"Med","volume":"5 8","pages":"856-858"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Checkmate 77T: Perioperative chemoimmunotherapy outperforms in early-stage NSCLC.","authors":"Danielle Brazel, Misako Nagasaka","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.06.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2024.06.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approximately 1 in 4 patients with NSCLC present with resectable disease. Although surgery is potentially curative, 30%-50% of patients relapse. Studies have shown that neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and perioperative chemoimmunotherapy improve outcomes. The Checkmate 77T trial explored if perioperative platinum-based chemotherapy plus nivolumab, surgical resection, then adjuvant nivolumab further improved outcomes including EFS.¹.</p>","PeriodicalId":29964,"journal":{"name":"Med","volume":"5 8","pages":"852-855"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucagon-like peptide receptor-1 receptor agonists: The emerging fourth pillar in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease?","authors":"James Ling, Elaine Chow","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.06.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.06.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previously, no randomized controlled trials investigated the renoprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) as the primary endpoint in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. In the FLOW trial, Perkovic et al. showed that once-weekly semaglutide reduced kidney failure, kidney-related death, and cardiovascular death by 24% as compared with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of renal progression.¹.</p>","PeriodicalId":29964,"journal":{"name":"Med","volume":"5 8","pages":"845-847"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COX inhibition with anti-PD-1 in advanced dMMR colorectal cancer: Improving antigen presentation?","authors":"Benoit Rousseau, Paul Johannet","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.06.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>dMMR tumors, which have high tumor mutational and neoantigen burdens, are highly responsive to immune checkpoint blockade. Wu et al.¹ showed that combining COX inhibitors with PD-1 blockade could be a safe and effective treatment option for dMMR metastatic colorectal cancer. The study highlights the potential of this combination therapy in achieving deep and long-lasting responses in dMMR colorectal cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":29964,"journal":{"name":"Med","volume":"5 8","pages":"839-841"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Storage, preservation, and rehabilitation of living heart valves to treat congenital heart disease.","authors":"Elizabeth M Cordoves, Giovanni Ferrari, Emmanuel Zorn, Emile Bacha, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, David M Kalfa","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medj.2024.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart valve disease patients undergo multiple surgeries to replace structurally degraded valve prostheses, highlighting the need for valve replacements with growth and self-repair capacity. Given allogeneic valve transplantation's promise in meeting these goals by delivering a living valve replacement, we propose a framework for preserving and rehabilitating living valves ex vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":29964,"journal":{"name":"Med","volume":"5 8","pages":"859-862"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}