John Friesen, M. Leštáková, Jens Kaltenmorgen, Suwaythan Nahaganeshan, P. Pelz, H. Taubenböck, M. Wurm
{"title":"Size Distributions for Morphological Slums in Asia and South America","authors":"John Friesen, M. Leštáková, Jens Kaltenmorgen, Suwaythan Nahaganeshan, P. Pelz, H. Taubenböck, M. Wurm","doi":"10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809017","url":null,"abstract":"The size distribution of cities within countries was investigated for several years, leading to the famous Zipf’s law. The question arises if there are similarities between city size distributions across countries and the distribution of a specific urban class: slums. We investigate the size distribution of morphological slums classified by using remote sensing data in three Asian and three South American cities using three different distribution functions (Generalized Pareto Distribution, Lognormal Distribution, and Double Pareto Lognormal Distribution) which have been used in the context of inter urban size distributions before. We applied different goodness of fit tests showing that the Double Pareto Lognormal is the best function for both investigated global regions. We find that intra-urban size distributions of slums can be described with similar distribution functions as city size distributions across countries.","PeriodicalId":299183,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127783438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Facade Segmentation from Oblique UAV Imagery","authors":"X. Zhuo, Milena Mönks, T. Esch, P. Reinartz","doi":"10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809024","url":null,"abstract":"Building semantic segmentation is a crucial task for building information modeling (BIM). Current research generally exploits terrestrial image data, which provides only limited view of a building. By contrast, oblique imagery acquired by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can provide richer information of both the building and its surroundings at a larger scale. In this paper, we present a novel pipeline for building semantic segmentation from oblique UAV images using a fully convolutional neural network (FCN). To cope with the lack of UAV image annotations at facade level, we leverage existing ground-view facades databases to simulate various aerial-view images based on estimated homography, yielding abundant synthetic aerial image annotations as training data. The FCN is trained end-to-end and tested on full-tile UAV images. Experiments demonstrate that the incorporation of simulated views can significantly boost the prediction accuracy of the network on UAV images and achieve reasonable segmentation performance.","PeriodicalId":299183,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122904429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatial relations of slums: size of slum clusters","authors":"Jakob Hartig, John Friesen, P. Pelz","doi":"10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809051","url":null,"abstract":"More than half of the world’s population currently lives in cities. In many parts of the world, slums are part of the urban landscape. Despite different history, cultures and continents, slums share common properties. This allows for abstraction and modelling. In this context, the objective of this paper is, to gain insight into the intraurban pattern of slums. Therefore spatial relations, i.e. the cluster tendency of slums, in Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) are analysed on different length scales and compared. It is found that the length scale of the analysis has a huge influence on the form of the spatial relationship. On the city scale slums are clustered, while on smaller scales there is a relatively large variation in spatial relationships with predominantly random distribution. It is observed that there is a scale where the large variations of the spatial relationships vanish in a sharp transition. This scale is interpreted as a characteristic size of slum clusters, which has implications for understanding the emergence of slums and urban modelling.","PeriodicalId":299183,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116761750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Friesen, Christoph Knoche, Jakob Hartig, P. Pelz, H. Taubenböck, M. Wurm
{"title":"Sensitivity of slum size distributions as a function of spatial parameters for slum classification","authors":"John Friesen, Christoph Knoche, Jakob Hartig, P. Pelz, H. Taubenböck, M. Wurm","doi":"10.1109/JURSE.2019.8808944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2019.8808944","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent work it was shown that the size distribution of slums, derived from remote sensing data, seems to be similar. Furthermore, the results seem to be independent of city, country and continent. However, the dependence on the definition of slums, i.e. the distance between two slums at which they are regarded independent of each other, has not been investigated so far. The present work analyzes the influence of the separating distance on the slum size distributions for six cities (three in South America and three in Southeast Asia) showing that the mean of the slum sizes is close to 104 m2 and nearly independent from the separation. However, in future works, not only the distance but the type of land use between slums should be considered in identifying slums from remote sensing data.","PeriodicalId":299183,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133552735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Engstrom, Dan Pavelesku, Tomomi Tanaka, A. Wambile
{"title":"Mapping Poverty and Slums Using Multiple Methodologies in Accra, Ghana","authors":"R. Engstrom, Dan Pavelesku, Tomomi Tanaka, A. Wambile","doi":"10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809052","url":null,"abstract":"Providing housing to slum dwellers, protecting them from natural disasters and diseases, and connecting them to jobs and services through improved infrastructure are urgent policy issues in many Sub-Saharan African cities. Identifying the location and living conditions of slums is a critical step toward designing effective urban policies. By combining household survey data and census data with high spatial resolution satellite imagery and other geospatial data using multiple methodologies, including machine learning, we attempt to define slums quantitatively within the city of Accra. Within these defined slum areas, the patterns of monetary poverty are assessed. Poverty rates are estimated at the neighborhood level and indicate that living in slums is strongly correlated with higher monetary poverty. Poverty is more prevalent in communities in areas of lower elevation, which in Accra are generally flood-prone areas. However, the results also suggest that not all people living in slums are living in monetary poverty. These results have important policy implications and are crucial to how economic opportunities are generated in slums so that effective urban policies can be designed.","PeriodicalId":299183,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116864668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How dynamic are slums? EO-based assessment of Kibera’s morphologic transformation","authors":"N. J. Kraff, H. Taubenböck, M. Wurm","doi":"10.1109/JURSE.2019.8808978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2019.8808978","url":null,"abstract":"Urban morphologies change over time. The dynamics and nature of morphological changes in informal settlements or slums have largely not been scientifically investigated. Consequently, it is necessary to fill the gap of the international demand for timeline analysis. In this work, earth observation (EO) is used to discover morphologic changes within eight years (2006-2014) in Nairobi’s major slum Kibera. Research mostly handles automated detection but in this study the classical visual image interpretation is applied on a very high level of detail capturing buildings in three dimensions. Consistencies and deviations in time are measured according to morphological variables. We find dynamics in the slum area high in terms of a 77% rise in number of buildings due to arising, splitting, upgrading or demolishing; at the same time, density increases only by 10%. Overall, the general pattern of complex, organic structure remains mostly unchanged.","PeriodicalId":299183,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121576356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving land-cover classification accuracy with a patch-based convolutional neural network: data augmentation and purposive sampling","authors":"Hunsoo Song, Yongil Kim","doi":"10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809031","url":null,"abstract":"The unit of classification in land-cover mapping is generally divided into two main categories: pixel and object. When it comes to medium-resolution images, a pixel has generally been used as a unit of classification because the object-based approach is often not as effective due to its coarse resolution. Recently, however, the patch-based approach for land-cover classification has shown higher accuracy levels than the pixel-based approach by exploiting the informative features from neighboring pixels. In this study, the light convolutional neural network (LCNN) was used as a patch-based classification algorithm, and two methods to further improve the classification accuracy for patch-based algorithms were addressed. First, data augmentation by flipping and rotation was applied to LCNN to check if its classification accuracy can increase. Second, the purposive sampling, which considers the heterogeneity of a map, was applied to LCNN. This study shows that the classification accuracy of LCNN can be further improved by data augmentation and purposive sampling and thus confirms that the patch-based approach has a distinct advantage over the pixel-based approach.","PeriodicalId":299183,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116260160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensitivity of urban material classification to spatial and spectral configurations from visible to short-wave infrared","authors":"A. L. Bris, N. Chehata","doi":"10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809029","url":null,"abstract":"Urban material maps are useful for several city modeling or monitoring applications and can be retrieved from remote sensing data. This study investigates the impact of spectral and spatial sensor configuration on urban material classification results, comparing several configurations corresponding to existing or envisaged airborne or space sensors. Images corresponding to such sensors were simulated out of an airborne hyperspectral acquisition. At the end, the relevance of an enhanced spectral configuration and especially providing bands from the SWIR domain was proven, as well as the need for a fine spatial resolution to retrieve urban objects. However, the (late) fusion of multispectral imagery at 2 m resolution with hyperspectral data at 8 m resolution was also proven to lead to good results.","PeriodicalId":299183,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114205298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Europe’s socio-economic disparities reflected in settlement patterns derived from satellite data","authors":"H. Taubenböck, F. Dahle, C. Geiss, M. Wurm","doi":"10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2019.8809033","url":null,"abstract":"Development across Europe is uneven. This inequality finds its expression e.g. in different settlement pattern characteristics. We assume that increased settlement concentration reflects economic benefits. For capturing these patterns across the continent, we analyze a binary settlement map derived from Earth observation data. From it, we detect urban nodes as anchor points of urban densification. We identify a network of cities when conjugation lines between these urban nodes feature high settlement density. Further, we map regions around connected urban nodes with high settlement densities. We assume that these identified regions belonging to a network of cities express beneficial economic development. We test this hypothesis by assigning the economic indicators ‘gross domestic product’, ‘unemployment rate’, and ‘household income per inhabitant’ from Eurostat data sets to the identified regions belonging to a city network. We find economic advantages of these city network regions over other European regions.","PeriodicalId":299183,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133816794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Sismanidis, I. Keramitsoglou, A. Tsontzou, B. Bechtel, S. Barberis, C. Kiranoudis
{"title":"A Satellite-derived Heating- and Cooling-Degrees Geospatial Dataset: Results for Antwerp","authors":"P. Sismanidis, I. Keramitsoglou, A. Tsontzou, B. Bechtel, S. Barberis, C. Kiranoudis","doi":"10.1109/JURSE.2019.8808997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE.2019.8808997","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of developing a low-carbon economy by 2050, the European Union (EU) member states have committed to improve energy efficiency by at least 27% by 2030. To empower municipalities and local authorities addressing this goal, the H2020 PLANHEAT research project develops an open-source software tool for developing economically sustainable energy plans for low-carbon heating and cooling. To take into account the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect on energy demand, the PLANHEAT software tool uses a geospatial dataset of hourly 1 km Heating and Cooling Degrees that is derived from satellite thermal data and information from weather models. This article describes the methodology used for producing this dataset and presents the first results for the city of Antwerp in Belgium. The PLANHEAT tool will be released as a QGIS plugin in June 2019.","PeriodicalId":299183,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)","volume":"51 S1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120854311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}