International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development最新文献

{"title":"A REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND TREATY RELATIONSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS","authors":"Ruwhuoma Chukwu","doi":"10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.09","url":null,"abstract":"This work reviewed the reality of treaty relationship in International relations. As a notable tool in organization and community, law has directed and regulated relation among states especially in their pursuit of interests’ in the International arena. International law has been the rules put in place to guide these relationships. It is International law that has continued to set out principles and frame works that moderates and harmonizes State interests. International law is likened to customary law because it is a product of the conscience of State as there is a general repetition of similar acts that maintains international relations. International law has developed in accordance with the unfolding trends in International relations, notable among which is treaty relationships. A treaty is an agreement, formal or informal between States, governed by International law. The law of treaty according Umuozurike 1999, is more or less a codification of existing customary law on which International law is based upon. Treaty relationships in International law creates rights and obligations that give Parties contractual capacity in International law. To justify the importance of treaty in International relations, the work examined the element of Statehood as the major actor in International relations. The history of International relations traced back to the 1648 Peace of WestPhalia that ended the 30 years war gave States sovereign rights in International law. In the International system, the existence of sovereign authority is universally recognized as the essential qualification of its membership in the International community, where the United Nations has played very notable role. International Institution building has remained the most important transformation in the development of International relations. The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 marked a significant milestone in the history of International relations that this study made a slight analysis on. The laws governing treaty relationships was on the initiative of the United Nations in her quest to fulfil her aims and purpose to maintain International Peace and Security. States are bound by treaties duly entered into. From the definition of treaty, to the formalities in signing, to the ratification, reservation, registration and deposit, application and operations, to termination as reviewed, shows that treaties are very fundamental in the formation of International Law and International relations.","PeriodicalId":299174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121631733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN AFRICA THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS)","authors":"J. Bossuyt","doi":"10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"This study of ECOWAS tries to provide insights that explain the implementation gap, as these may help inform, calibrate and target reforms as well as support efforts that are technically desirable and politically feasible. To do so, the study focuses on the key drivers and constraints that shape the ECOWAS agenda and influence implementation by analysing two policy areas: peace and security and food security (focusing on the agricultural sector and agro-food industries and trade). The study uses a political economy framework to answer two core questions: how do key actors and factors affect and shape the agenda setting of ECOWAS? And how do these different actors and factors influence what gets implemented and why?","PeriodicalId":299174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117177903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EFFECTS OF OPERATIONAL RISK AND MARKET RISK ON THE PROFITABILITY OF DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN NIGERIA: A PANEL-ARDL ANALYSIS","authors":"Rifkatu T. Musa, Y. Jugu, Okwoli A","doi":"10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.07","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined the effects of operational risk and market risk on the profitability of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria. The broad objective of the study was to ascertain the effect of risk management components (operational risk and market risk) on the profitability of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study is a longitudinal survey, so the ex-post facto research design was applied. Research data were analysed using A Panel-ARDL Analysis, after testing and adjusting the data for stationarity and Cointegration. The research findings were: in the long-run, the operating risk increase profitability because the banks have longer time to adjust and minimize the risk involved in their operation which resulted to a positive effect but have a shorter time in the short-run to adjust which resulted in a negative and decreasing effect in their profitability. Also, in the short-run, the increase in the market risk will significantly increase the profitability of the selected banks under study. But in the long-run the relationship is negative. The study contributed to knowledge by establishing that; the effects of operating risk and the market risk affect profitability of the deposit money banks in the long-run and the short-run differently.","PeriodicalId":299174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123900321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PIPELINE SURVEILLANCE CONTRACTS AND THE EMERGING OIL-RELATED CONFLICTS IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"Rowland Sekibo, T. Nte","doi":"10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.02","url":null,"abstract":"The award of pipeline surveillance contracts (PSCs) to ex-militant commanders has set the basis for a new wave of on-going conflicts in Rivers State. These lucrative PSCs constitute a new arena of ‘do or die’ struggles between and among ex-militant, cult, gang, vigilante groups, violence business people, community organizations, state actors and politicians. This article examined the effects of these PSCs by Transnational Oil Corporations and government agencies on recurring oil-related conflicts in Rivers State from 2009 – 2021. The Marxian political economy approach was employed to guide data collection and analysis. It relied on secondary data collected from libraries, national/international agencies and internet resources. The contents of the secondary data collected were analyzed to describe how the PSCs to ex-militant leaders have generated on-going armed struggles between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries over the control of oil pipelines in Rivers State. It was observed that the lack of local communities’ partnership in Nigeria’s oil industry necessitated the existence of PSCs to ex-militants as ‘payments for peace’ and to prevent oil sabotage and theft. However, instead of achieving this purpose, existing PSCs have ensued conflicts, pipeline vandalism and oil theft. It was accordingly recommended that, among others: local communities should be involved in pipeline surveillance – they should be given at least 45 % of the PSCs and 55% to professional competent firms. A standing ‘Community-Security Consultative Committee’ comprising all stakeholders should be set up to amicably address and resolve issues.","PeriodicalId":299174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126558053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CURBING ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN NIGERIA: AN APPRAISAL OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE BOKO HARAM UPRISING","authors":"A. Johnson","doi":"10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.08","url":null,"abstract":"Ethno-religious conflict has become a major security challenge confronting Nigeria and several African states. This paper examined the factors responsible for the Boko Haram insurgency and its consequences on Nigeria. The paper argued that ethno-religious conflicts can be resolved when the root causes and other socio-economic factors driving the conflict are analysed and addressed by the state and all the stakeholders. Data for the study were sourced from secondary sources, while analysis was done descriptively through the qualitative research method. The paper relied on the basic human needs theory as its theoretical framework. To ensure sustainable peace and progress in the north-east and Nigeria as a whole, the paper recommended for the restructuring of the Nigerian state in order to allow every ethnic group, state and geopolitical zone in the present day Nigeria to develop and progress at its own pace while the powers of the federal government are limited to defence, foreign policy, currency and national security.","PeriodicalId":299174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125978360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"JOB CREATION FOR YOUTH IN AFRICA: ASSESSING THE EMPLOYMENT INTENSITY OF INDUSTRIES WITHOUT SMOKESTACKS","authors":"B. Coulibaly, Dhruv Gandhi, A. Mbaye","doi":"10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.05","url":null,"abstract":"Despite African countries’ robust economic growth since the early 2000s (albeit with a brief slowdown in the 2010s that mostly affected resource-rich countries), job creation during this period was weak and has not kept up with the rapidly expanding working-age population. During 2000-2014, the average employment elasticity in African countries was 0.41 (African Economic Outlook, 2018), lower than the ideal of 0.7 that allows for both employment and productivity growth. Employment elasticity measures the responsiveness of employment to value-added growth: In short, if the value of employment elasticity is found to be x, it means that a 1 percent growth in value-added is associated with x% growth in employment. This paper examines job creation for youth in Africa by assessing the employment intensity of industry without smokestacks.","PeriodicalId":299174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121497405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECTS OF MARKETING ON INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINES (ATMS) ON CUSTOMERS OF BANKING INDUSTRY","authors":"Leo Ohazulike","doi":"10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.06","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined effects of marketing on introduction of automated teller machine (ATM) on customers of banking industry. This study identified lack of network (service) as a problem. The specific objective was to highlight on identification of marketing needs on introduction of automated teller machine on customers of banking industry, among others. Research question was to what extent should identification of marketing needs on introduction of automated teller machine (ATM) on customers banking industry be? among others. Research hypothesis was there is no significant relationship between identification of marketing needs and customers of banking industry, among others. Review of related literature comprised of conceptual review, theoretical framework and empirical review. This study adopted survey research design. Area of the study was Nkwelle-Ezunaka where First bank is situated. Population of the study was customers queuing for automated teller machine (ATM) to render services. Sampling plan comprised of sample designs, sample unit, sample size, sample method and sample procedure. The sample size was one hundred and sixty two (162). This study observed data presentation and analysis. Findings, conclusion and recommendations were discussed.","PeriodicalId":299174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115405904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CULTURAL TOURISM AND ALUU COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN IKWERRE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, (LGA) RIVERS STATE","authors":"Helen Y. Ollor, F. Bright","doi":"10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"This Study investigated the relationship between Cultural Tourism and Aluu Community Development in Ikwerre Local Government Area, (LGA) in Rivers State. The objectives of the Study were to determine relationship between Tradition and Belief and Aluu Community Development in Ikwerre LGA in Rivers State, evaluate the influence of Norms and Values on Aluu Community Development in Ikwerre LGA in Rivers State; ascertain the relationship between Lifestyle and Aluu Community Development in Ikwerre LGA in Rivers State. The Study adopted descriptive design to help in describing the different information concerning Cultural Tourism and Aluu Community Development. The population of the Study covered indigenes of Aluu Community. 185 respondence were drawn using Simple Random Sampling Technique. Face and Content Validity were employed to assess the relevance of the instrument; while; Cronbach Alpha Statistics was used to determine the reliability of the instrument. The dimensions of Cultural Tourism and Measures of Community Development were analyzed using Mean and Standard Deviation. The Hypotheses were tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, (SPSS) version 22. The findings revealed that there were significant relationships between the dimensions of Cultural Tourism, (Traditional Belief, Norms and Values and Lifestyle) and Measures of Aluu Community Development., (Infrastructural Development and Revenue Generation). It was therefore, concluded that Aluu Community should preserve their Traditional and Cultural Activities to attract the attention of Tourists to the community. The presence of Tourists will attract Infrastructural and Community Development which will in turn influence the Lifestyle of the people of Aluu. We therefore, recommended that Aluu Community should not neglect their Norms and Values as these will motivate Tourists to get acquainted with the Community, thereby Aluu Community Development will be influenced.","PeriodicalId":299174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121465678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NIGERIA AND SOUTH AFRICA FOREIGN POLICIES ACHIEVEMENTS IN AFRICA","authors":"Bariledum Kia, Theodora Obianime","doi":"10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.03","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines Nigeria and South Africa's foreign policy contribution to African Development. The study used historical and descriptive research methods and adopted power theory as its framework of analysis. Nigeria’s relations with South Africa oscillated between tension and cordiality. The relations have been confrontational with regional leadership hostility underlying their foreign policy actions and inactions. From the analysis of the study, both countries are strategic to Africa’s development given leadership resources at their disposal. However, the extent of South Africa’s foreign policy contribution to African development is comparatively less than that of Nigeria’s. As indicated in this study, current African problems can no longer be addressed without the support and cooperation of South Africa. It is based on these findings that the study concluded that both countries should strengthen their relationship and agree on a broad political, economic, and cultural agenda that would create wealth and opportunity to address challenges facing the continent. Again, Nigeria should indeed accept that South Africa by her configuration of power can play special roles to promote the development of the region to reduce the leadership burden on her.","PeriodicalId":299174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122947572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PRIVATIZATION OF THE POWER SECTOR IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF KARU LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF NASARAWA STATE","authors":"A. Omale","doi":"10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijcsird.v8.i1.04","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the impact of privatization of power sector on Nigeria, with Karu local government of Nasarawa state as a case study, it uses the theory of economic development to give a theoretical explanation of the Privatization of the power sector in Nigeria which is based on capitalist ideology, orientation and assumption. The study seek to assess the impact of the privatization of the power sector on communities, specifically, Karu local government of Nasarawa state. The work used both quantitative and qualitative method in its analysis and primary data was sourced through questionnaires and oral structured interviews. the study found out that privatization of the power sector in Nigeria have only succeeded in entrusting the collective wealth of the people in the hands of a few privileged elite, Strikes by labour unions in the sector, high electricity bills without commensurate service and above all epileptic power supply in Karu local government among other negative impacts. The paper concluded that the privatization of the power sector has not led to significant improvement in power supply in Nigeria with its devastating impact on the economy and households. The paper recommends that there is need for a review of the entire programme for more competent investors to come into the industry, also the regulatory body need to check the excesses of the distribution companies by regulating arbitrary tariffs increases and quality of services offered, this will go a long way in improving electricity supply.","PeriodicalId":299174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114898422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}