Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)最新文献

{"title":"The degradation of road tested automotive connectors","authors":"Johnathan Swingler, J. McBride, C. Maul","doi":"10.1109/6144.833055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/6144.833055","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing amount of telematic and other electronic systems in the modern motor vehicle demands high performance and reliability in ever decreasing space. The automotive connector is well known to be the weak link in electronic systems due to the multi-environmental conditions seen in the motor vehicle. These conditions of large temperature changes, high humidity, and corrosive atmospheres have significant and varied affect upon the connector. Sample signal and power automotive connectors which are currently undergoing road testing, are being monitored to evaluate stress levels during real operation. Environmental conditions such as, temperature, humidity and vibration levels of these connectors are being monitored in situ. Connector temperature data from vehicles operated in the United Kingdom is presented in this paper. An empirical model is also presented demonstrating some of the general features of connector temperature behaviour. Scanning electron micrographs, elemental analysis and contact resistance measurements are also taken to determine the level of degradation of these connectors. Evidence of fretting corrosion was found at the contact interface on tin plated terminals from sealed and unsealed connectors; however gold terminals exhibited minimal wear.","PeriodicalId":299141,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124599031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of polymeric gassing walls during arcing on AgW/AgC contact resistance","authors":"J. Shea","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1999.795932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1999.795932","url":null,"abstract":"Contact resistance was measured after arcing for AgW moving against a AgC stationary contact pair in an arc chamber. The resistance, measured at five different current levels over the range of 2 kA/sub p/ to 22 kA/sub p/, was obtained using two different arc chamber wall materials, ceramic and polyester, to measure the effects of gas evolution on contact resistance from circuit breaker walls. When compared to results using ceramic walls, polyester walls did not show any statistical difference in contact resistance. However, increased chamber pressure, resulting from ablation of the polyester walls, was measured. SEM photographs and EDS surface mapping measurements showed the change in resistance, for both wall materials, was due to a depletion of silver from the contact surface at mid-range arcing currents and redeposition of silver at higher arcing currents. Discussions include the effect of arc temperature on contact resistance and the various gases, generated by the ablation of the polymer walls, on resistance and arc chamber pressure.","PeriodicalId":299141,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128516938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulations of transient thermal and electrical behavior of contact spots","authors":"A. Oberg, J. Isberg, Karl-Erik Olsson","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1999.795940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1999.795940","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of the influence of transient current pulses on the physical conditions in electrical contacts has been addressed by conducting simulations of the coupled thermal and electrical response of contact spots of two different sizes to transient currents. For this purpose, we have used SPECTRUM; a multi-physics finite element method package capable of handling coupled nonlinear thermal and electrical 3D systems. From the simulations, we see that the uniform temperature distribution in the steady state case is not preserved when subjecting the contact to a transient current, but instead the temperature is elevated around the rim of the spots. Also, a smaller spot becomes substantially hotter than a larger spot, and could therefore be expected to grow and age faster, although this hypothesis is not proven experimentally in the present study.","PeriodicalId":299141,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130728213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors related to speed and voltage capability of a new high-speed circuit breaker","authors":"D. Benard, P. Nolden, E. A. Mallonen","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1999.795936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1999.795936","url":null,"abstract":"A new concept for a current-limiting fast circuit breaker was investigated to determine design factors that either significantly limited or enhanced performance capability. Positive factors included location of the arcing contacts adjacent to the corners of a square-shaped magnetic core and application of hydrocarbon additives to the splitter plate structure to suppress arc retrogression. Case venting and use of silver alloy contact pads, as opposed to more refractory metals, were found to be deleterious. Clearing times as low as 0.6 ms were obtained in test circuits with an L/R time constant of 0.9 ms.","PeriodicalId":299141,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132947003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The repulsion of electrical contacts crossed by short-circuit currents","authors":"D. Piccoz, P. Teste, R. Andlauer, T. Leblanc, J. Chabrerie","doi":"10.1051/EPJAP:2001113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/EPJAP:2001113","url":null,"abstract":"The study of forces exerted by an arc on silver based electrical contacts is important in order to understand the dynamic phenomena concerning the opening or closing phases of contacts in a variety of switching applications. For that, an experimental device was built. It allows us to measure accurately the force on the static electrode and the displacement of the mobile electrode (and hence the force on it) when the two contacts, crossed by a current pulse (from 0 to 4 kA) separate. The measured forces are the sum of Lorentz magnetic forces (constriction force and loop effect force) and blow open forces due to the arc plasma (evaporation and (or) decomposition of contact materials). We have studied the influence on the measured forces of the contact material, the duration of the current pulse and the polarity of the electrodes.","PeriodicalId":299141,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122282242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A measurement on electromagnetic noise and change of surface in arcing electric contacts","authors":"Y. Ebara, T. Koizumi, H. Sone, Y. Nemoto","doi":"10.1109/6144.846767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/6144.846767","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have observed the relationship between waveform of electromagnetic noise and change of surface for opening Ag-Pd electric contacts. In case of Ag-Pd electrodes, continuous noise is observed in the whole period of arc discharge in both current polarities. Fluctuations of arc voltage and noise are large in the middle part of arc discharge duration. The noise has a tendency to decrease in the later half. The authors proposed that noise waveforms and changes of electrode surface at various circuit conditions are classified into three categories. As these results, the authors showed the correlation between pattern of noise waveform and the change of electrode surface.","PeriodicalId":299141,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116004998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of ozone on silver, silver alloys and gold plated silver","authors":"N. Aukland, H. Hardee, S. Hessefort, J. Miller","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1999.795951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1999.795951","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this research program was to establish the effects of ozone on logic level switching performance and to select materials that would enhance the performance of these switches in the presence of ozone. Initially, four different material systems were examined through a series of experiments using a computer-controlled contact resistance probe. An electronically-controlled ozone chamber was specially designed for this research project. The four different material systems investigated were 85% silver 15% nickel, 90% silver 10% nickel, fine grain silver, and fine silver (.999 pure). Fine grain silver is produced by adding a minute amount of nickel to fine silver. These material systems were exposed to three different ozone levels (0.1 PPM, 7.0 PPM and 20.0 PPM) and contact resistance data were collected. The ozone level of 0.1 corresponds to approximate ambient levels in switching devices. Higher concentrations of ozone are likely in panels where arcing occurs or in sealed devices. The higher levels of 7.0 and 20.0 PPM ozone used in this project are for accelerated testing purposes. The results of the experiments at ozone levels of 0.1 PPM were not conclusive within the test period, but ozone appeared to have some effect on the contact resistance of the coupons with a higher level of nickel content. Experimentation at 7.0 and 20.0 ozone accelerated the effects of ozone, observed during the experimentation at 0.1 PPM ozone. At 7.0 and 20.0 PPM ozone, the contact resistance data increased as the nickel content in the coupon increased. Although the coupons containing the higher nickel content were more susceptible to an increase in ozone, even the fine silver coupons were attacked. After the experiments on silver and silver-alloys were completed, a study was made to see if soft gold electroplating could offer protection from ozone damage. A set of contact resistance data was collected at 7.0 PPM ozone on fine silver and 85% silver 15% nickel coupons that were plated with 10 and 60 microinch thick gold. As expected, the contact resistance data for the coupons with a layer of electroplated soft gold were lower than the contact resistance data collected on the uncoated silver coupons. In addition, the contact resistance averages for the coupons with 10 micro-inches of gold plating are higher than the contact resistance averages for the coupons with 60 micro-inches of gold plating. Therefore, a noble metal protects the surface from the adverse oxidation effects due to ozone and thicker is better.","PeriodicalId":299141,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122903721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical and tribological properties of hot-dipped tin separable contacts with fluorinated lubricant layers","authors":"S. Noel, N. Lecaude, C. Bodin, L. Boyer, L. Tristani, E. M. Zindine, G. Gavazzi, I. Buresch, D. Siemers","doi":"10.1109/HOLM.1999.795950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.1999.795950","url":null,"abstract":"Degradation phenomena occurring during the lifetime of tinned separable electrical contacts remain a factor of loss of reliability to be minimized. In this paper, friction, wear and electrical properties of hot-dipped tin coatings on bronze substrates are analysed with various techniques, in order to show the improvement due to a well-suited fluorinated lubricant layer. Contacts are of the sphere on plane type. Coupons are cut from strips of tinned CuSn/sub 4/. The sphere contacts are obtained by forming the coupons. Macroscopic friction cycles simulating insertion and withdrawal of separable contacts are performed, as well as fretting cycles. Wear is characterized by topographic examination of the tracks and by surface analyses. We first describe macroscopic friction of dry contacts. Then the anti-friction and anti-wear behaviour of two perfluorinated ethers is evaluated for both conditions. Large differences are observed with the two chosen lubricants. Fretting tests are then performed on connector terminals in order to validate the results in closer-to-use conditions. Outstanding friction and wear reduction are recorded which can be linked to the particular behaviour of the fluorinated layers on tin.","PeriodicalId":299141,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114836656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental degradation of utility power connectors in a harsh environment","authors":"B. Callen, B. Johnson, P. King, R. Timsit, W. Abbott","doi":"10.1109/6144.846763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/6144.846763","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on an investigation of the effects of a marine atmospheric environment on the performance of aluminum bolted, compression, and fired wedge type power connectors. These connector types are representative of the three major connector technologies used in electrical distribution systems throughout the world. The atmospheric test site was situated on the seacoast in Daytona Beach, Florida. The test specimens consisted of sections of aluminum and copper conductors joined together by a connector. The paper describes the performance and lifetime of the different connector types exposed to the harsh marine environment. Examinations of failed connectors revealed that failure in all three connector types was ultimately due to galvanic corrosion at the aluminum/copper interfaces within the connectors. The failure rate was largest for compression connections. Bolted connections failed somewhat less rapidly. The failure rate for fired-wedge connections was the lowest.","PeriodicalId":299141,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128188230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of films developed in fretting experiments on tin plated contacts","authors":"R. Malucci","doi":"10.1109/6144.946486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/6144.946486","url":null,"abstract":"A series of experiments were conducted to characterize oxide films that develop during fretting degradation. It was found that while the rate of change in resistance depends on contact force, the oxide film characteristics depend strongly on the number of fretting cycles. Moreover, after about 1000 fretting cycles, the oxygen content reaches a saturation level which corresponds to tin volume fractions below the percolation limit for metallic conduction (<0.4). Consequently, it is concluded that conduction is primarily due to the semiconductor properties of tin oxide (SnO). In addition, sub-micron size particles, composed of tin and tin oxide, were found dispersed over the surface. These particles had tin fractions near the percolation limit and may play a role in the mechanism that causes short-term discontinuities in contact resistance.","PeriodicalId":299141,"journal":{"name":"Electrical Contacts - 1999. Proceedings of the Forty-Fifth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No.99CB36343)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130733283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}