{"title":"A Community of Resistance: The Organization of Protest in New Orleans against the U.S. Territorial Administration, 1803–1805","authors":"Julien Vernet","doi":"10.1353/FCH.0.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/FCH.0.0027","url":null,"abstract":"En 1804, le gouvernement qui est établi pour la Louisiane par un acte du Congrès est de nature entièrement nominative: le président peut choisir le gouvernement et un conseil législatif composé de treize hommes vivant sur le territoire. Inquiets de leur avenir sous un gouvernement américain, et craignant pour leurs intérêts économiques qui dépendent de l'esclavage, certains habitants de Louisiane ont alors organisé des mouvements de protestation pour demander un gouvernement représentatif. Contrairement à ce que pensent les fonctionnaires américains en Louisiane et à Washington, les Louisianais qui ont pris la tête du mouvement ont une bonne connaissance du gouvernement démocratique des États-Unis. Cet article est centré sur un exposé des arguments des protestataires, arguments qui prouvent que la Louisiane, qui avait des contacts commerciaux avec trois pays qui venaient de traverser des révolutions (les États-Unis, la France et Haïti), comptait parmi ses habitants des personnes qui, malgré leur attachement à l'esclavage, savaient évoquer les idées fondamentales du mouvement démocratique qui a transformé le monde atlantique.","PeriodicalId":29880,"journal":{"name":"French Colonial History","volume":"11 1","pages":"47 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2010-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/FCH.0.0027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Newly Discovered Manuscript Map by Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz","authors":"Gordon M. Sayre","doi":"10.1353/FCH.0.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/FCH.0.0031","url":null,"abstract":"En 2007, la bibliothèque du Congrès a acquis une carte manuscrite de la main d'Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz, colon de la Louisiane française et auteur de l'Histoire de la Louisiane (1758). La carte a été faite peu après le retour de l'auteur en France en 1734. Pour les historiens de la colonie française et de sa cartographie, cette nouvelle carte est très intéressante. D'abord, elle ne fait aucune référence à Moncacht-apé, un indien Yazoo qui, selon les œuvres du Pratz des années 1750, a voyagé du Mississippi à l'Océan Pacifique bien avant Lewis et Clark. De plus, la nouvelle carte suggère que Le Page du Pratz consultait le cartographe Jean-Baptiste Bouguignon d'Anville quand il était en débat avec les cartographes de la famille Delisle en 1752–53.","PeriodicalId":29880,"journal":{"name":"French Colonial History","volume":"11 1","pages":"23 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2010-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/FCH.0.0031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Traître au colonialisme? The Georges Boudarel Affair and the Memory of the Indochina War","authors":"M. Edwards","doi":"10.1353/FCH.0.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/FCH.0.0029","url":null,"abstract":"Le 13 février 1991, le Professeur Georges Boudarel a été interpelé, lors d'un congrès au Sénat sur \"L'actualité vietnamienne,\" par un groupe d'anciens combattants, qui l'ont accusé d'avoir été 'commissaire politique' dans le camp Viêt minh 113 et d'être ainsi responsable d'un nombre élevé de morts. \"L'affaire Boudarel\" a éclaté, provoquant un débat public intense, centré non seulement sur les actions de Boudarel (qu'il qualifiait lui-même d'anticoloniales), mais sur la nature de la guerre d'Indochine et les mérites du projet colonial. La complexité de la guerre, qui était à la fois une guerre coloniale et un point chaud de la guerre froide, a retenti dans ces débats, les défenseurs de Boudarel insistant sur la nature coloniale du conflit, tandis que ses détracteurs ne reconnaissaient que l'objectif anticommuniste des forces françaises. Cet article analyse les débats concernant la nature de la guerre, ainsi que les enjeux médiatiques de la question de la 'mémoire' de la guerre d'Indochine, avant d'élargir la discussion afin de replacer l'affaire Boudarel dans le contexte plus large de la question mémorielle en France.","PeriodicalId":29880,"journal":{"name":"French Colonial History","volume":"4 1","pages":"193 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2010-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/FCH.0.0029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Troublesome Chiefs and Disorderly Subjects: The Indigénat and the Internment of Kanak in New Caledonia (1887–1928)","authors":"Adrian Muckle","doi":"10.1353/FCH.0.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/FCH.0.0024","url":null,"abstract":"L'internement politique a joué un rôle important dans le processus par lequel l'administration coloniale française a essayé d'amener les Kanak, le peuple indigène de Nouvelle-Calédonie, sous domination française. Dans le cadre d'une étude examinant la fonction et l'héritage de l'indigénat dans la régularisation des relations entre Kanak et colons, cet article développe une étude de cas de l'internement des Kanak jusqu'en 1928. Contrairement à penser les représentations coloniales et populaires, la majorité des internés kanak n'étaient ni des « chefs » ni des « rebelles ». Les autorités avaient recours à l'internement pour réprimer les actes de la résistance quotidienne, imposer la discipline dans les réserves et renforcer l'autorité des chefs administratifs. En examinant la façon dont les mesures d'internement se sont traduites localement, négociées et mises en place, nous contribuons à la compréhension de l'évolution locale de l'indigénat et de sa place au sein du système colonial.","PeriodicalId":29880,"journal":{"name":"French Colonial History","volume":"11 1","pages":"131 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2010-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/FCH.0.0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aristotle in New France: Louis Nicolas and the Making of the Codex canadensis","authors":"Germaine Warkentin","doi":"10.1353/FCH.0.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/FCH.0.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Le Codex canadensis est un manuscrit remarquable du XVIIe siècle, composé de dessins d'autochtones, ainsi que de la flore et de la faune nord-américains. Le manuscrit fut redécouvert dans les années 1930. L'on détermina que son auteur était le jésuite Louis Nicolas seulement en 1979, et sa date précise demeure toujours incertaine. Cet article examine la provenance du manuscrit, sa présentation matérielle, son écriture, ses origines dans l'expérience jésuite en Amérique du Nord, ses sources dans les sciences naturelles antérieures à Linné et les conditions sociales de sa composition. A partir d'approches et d'informations fournies par plusieurs domaines de l'histoire politique, de l'histoire scientifique, de l'étude du mécénat et de la codicologie, il conclut que Nicolas travaillait encore sur le manuscrit en 1700, et qu'il s'agissait probablement d'un livre destiné à être présenté à Louis XIV. Le Codex canadensis n'est pas un simple portfolio de dessins. Sa présentation est une mise en scène des populations et créatures qui peuplaient la Nouvelle France, selon les concepts de hiérarchie de l'imaginaire des Européens de l'époque.","PeriodicalId":29880,"journal":{"name":"French Colonial History","volume":"46 1","pages":"107 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2010-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/FCH.0.0026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unequal Transitions: Two Métis Women in Eighteenth-Century Île Royale","authors":"Anne Marie Lane Jonah","doi":"10.1353/FCH.0.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/FCH.0.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Cette étude établit une comparaison entre deux françaises coloniales nées dans deux communautés périphériques d'Acadie au XVIIIe siècle (aujourd'hui la Nouvelle Écosse péninsulaire et le sud du Nouveau Brunswick). Ces deux femmes, qui avaient des pères européens et des mères d'origines mixtes, européennes et amérindiennes, ont déménagé pour s'installer dans la colonie française de l'île Royale (aujourd'hui le Cap-Breton), puis se sont mariées dans la société de ce centre colonial administratif, militaire et commercial. L'une a fini ses jours comme femme d'affaires accomplie et épouse d'officier, intégrant ainsi l'élite coloniale. L'autre fut l'objet d'un processus juridique qui mit fin à son mariage avec un officier. Les ressemblances entre ces femmes et les différences entre leurs sorts démontrent la nature contingente des idées que se faisaient les français coloniaux des notions de race, de classe, et de sexe. Durant leur vie, l'interprétation et la manipulation de ces facteurs qui constituent l'identité par ces femmes, leurs familles et les autorités coloniales, ont déterminé la réussite des efforts qu'elles ont fait pour passer d'une société coloniale à une autre.","PeriodicalId":29880,"journal":{"name":"French Colonial History","volume":"11 1","pages":"109 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2010-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/FCH.0.0025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"« Le délit d'abandon de domicile conjugal » ou l'invasion du pénal colonial dans les jugements des « tribunaux indigènes » au Soudan français, 1900-1947","authors":"M. Rodet","doi":"10.1353/FCH.0.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/FCH.0.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to examine the interplay between customary law, colonial law, and French law through the study of court cases of female desertion in the region of Kayes in French Sudan (now known as Mali) for the period 1900-1947. In 1903, a new colonial legal system was decreed in French West Africa. The new legislation guaranteed that the colonial courts would enforce African customs for African subjects. In order to facilitate control over colonial courts and the application of customary laws, the colonial administration was eager to formalize and unify the content of customary laws. This formalization relied on what the \"traditional power,\" the jurisprudence of colonial courts, and the colonial administration viewed as customary law. This process ultimately led to a kind of \"invention of tradition\" pertaining to family law, which with the help of \"traditional power\" entailed the penalization of female desertion. The colonial and local considerations of power control in the region entailed increasing restrictions over women's mobility. From 1910 onward, wives accused of desertion were increasingly forced by the colonial courts to return to their husbands. If they refused, from 1914, the court started sending them to prison. Both \"traditional power\" and the colonial administration had agreed to declare female desertion as being henceforth a \"customary offence.\"","PeriodicalId":29880,"journal":{"name":"French Colonial History","volume":"10 1","pages":"151 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2009-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/FCH.0.0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Connaissance de l'islam et pouvoir colonial: L'exemple de la France au Sénégal, 1936-1957","authors":"Hélène Grandhomme","doi":"10.1353/FCH.0.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/FCH.0.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This study urges us to describe and to understand the attitude and the point of view of France on Islam in a particular territory, Senegal, and over a specific period: that of colonialism. In this West African colony, the French policy vis-à-vis Islam and Muslims is at the same time a pragmatic policy and a vision of the other. We thus suppose that it fluctuated, even clashed, but it especially presented a common core syllabus consisting of practices and knowledge.","PeriodicalId":29880,"journal":{"name":"French Colonial History","volume":"10 1","pages":"171 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2009-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/FCH.0.0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"L'indemnité de Saint-Domingue: « Dette d'indépendance » ou « rançon de l'esclavage »?","authors":"Frédérique Beauvois","doi":"10.1353/FCH.0.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/FCH.0.0021","url":null,"abstract":"In August 1791, a slave revolt erupted in Saint-Domingue, richest colony of the Americas. France sent two commissioners to restore peace in this insurgent area. Under the threat of revolution, they declared the abolition of slavery in 1793. This decision was ratified by the French Convention on 4 February 1794. Revocation of this abolition act in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte had no effect on the situation of slaves in Saint-Domingue, which proclaimed its independence 1 January 1804. This episode gave birth to the first black state of the Americas, baptised under its old Amerindian name \"Haïti.\" The new republic was recognized as an independent state more than 20 years later. The French law of 17 April 1825 conceded Haitian independence in exchange for a ransom of 150 million francs.The great majority of abolitionist governments of the nineteenth century judged it legitimate to compensate slave owners for the loss of capital invested in their slave property. What was exceptional about the indemnity of Saint-Domingue was the fact that it was not an internal governmental decision, but the fruit of transactions from one state to another. The indemnity favored the planters, but was also the price exacted for becoming an autonomous state.This work will focus on the criteria taken into account by France in the fixation of the compensation amount. Slave ownership did not exist after the revolution. How did fixing a number compensate for property lost more than 30 years earlier? What were the data considered by France? Finally, what was the compensation value for the various protagonists? These questions will clarify the objectives followed by France in establishing this compensation. Was the purpose of « ransom of slavery », to indemnify slave owners for the loss of their property, or was its ultimate target to economically subdue a rebel colony by creating an « independence debt »?","PeriodicalId":29880,"journal":{"name":"French Colonial History","volume":"10 1","pages":"109 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2009-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/FCH.0.0021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Le baron Portal et l'indépendance d'Haïti, 1818–1821","authors":"J. Brière","doi":"10.1353/FCH.0.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/FCH.0.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Although France recognized Haitian independence in 1825 (21 years after its proclamation by the Haitian government), it was Baron Portal, minister of the Navy and Colonies in 1818–1821, who initiated that move several years earlier by abandoning for the first time all claims by France to direct colonial rule over rebellious Haiti. That decision was the result of a struggle between former colonial planters who had been expelled from the island in 1804 and were lobbying the French government to attack Haiti again, and the chambers of commerce of the major ports of Western France, which were very eager to trade with Haiti and did not want to hear about military operations against the former colony. Being himself a former merchant-trader from Bordeaux, Portal sided with the commercial lobbyists, put the development of French maritime trade above the interests of the planters and paved the way for Haiti's recognition in the process.","PeriodicalId":29880,"journal":{"name":"French Colonial History","volume":"10 1","pages":"108 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2009-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/FCH.0.0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66339530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}