{"title":"Role of Linguistic Human Rights in Language Policy and Planning","authors":"T. Skutnabb-Kangas,","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1026.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1026.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Linguistic human rights (LHR) can be defined as “only those language rights . . . which are so basic for a dignified life that everybody has them because of being human; therefore, in principle no state (or individual) is allowed to violate them” (e.g., Skutnabb-Kangas, 2008, p. 109; see Skutnabb-Kangas, in press-a, for a discussion of definitions). For basic presentations of LHR, including Web sites for all human rights (HR) instruments below, see Skutnabb-Kangas, 2000, in press-a, in press-b). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000educational linguistics; \u0000endangered languages; \u0000language policy; \u0000discrimination; \u0000identity politics; \u0000multilingualism","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"354 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132583722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conversation Analysis and Classroom Interaction","authors":"Aki Siegel, P. Seedhouse","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0198.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0198.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"This entry discusses how conversation analysis (CA) has been employed to investigate interaction which occurs in second/foreign-language (L2) classrooms. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000language in the classroom; \u0000applied linguistics; \u0000classroom interaction; \u0000conversation analysis; \u0000interactionist language studies","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132711853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aptitude in Second Language Acquisition","authors":"P. Robinson","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0035.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0035.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Like height, intelligence quotient (IQ), or working-memory capacity, aptitude is measurable, and differs in degree between learners in any population. Unlike height, aptitude cannot be directly observed, but must be inferred from performance on psychological tests designed to measure it. Higher aptitude for second or foreign-language learning predicts more successful adaptation to instructed, or naturalistic exposure to the second language (L2), as measured by demonstrably faster progress in learning, and in higher levels of ultimate attainment in proficiency at the end of a course of instruction, or following a period of naturalistic exposure to the L2. Aptitude is therefore a theoretical construct (see Jordan, 2004), operationalized in the form of a test, which aims to predict phenomena that characterize second language acquisition (SLA) (such as incidental learning, metalinguistic awareness, fossilization, and others), and the extent to which successful SLA occurs as a result. Although little was known about these SLA phenomena during the period when aptitude tests were first developed (the 1930s to the 1950s), recent attempts to conceptualize and measure aptitude are addressing the extent to which tests of aptitude predict them— including for example, the extent of successful incidental L2 learning (Robinson, 2005a), metalinguistic awareness of the L2 (Roehr, 2008), and the influence of each on levels of ultimate L2 attainment (Abrahamsson & Hyltenstam, 2008). Some of these issues are described below, following a discussion of early developed conceptualizations, and measurement of aptitude for language learning. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000cognitive development; \u0000language teaching; \u0000second language acquisition; \u0000assessment","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127069021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vocabulary and Language for Specific Purposes","authors":"Averil Coxhead","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL1266","url":null,"abstract":"Language for specific purposes (LSP) can be defined as “the teaching and research of language in relation to the communicative needs of speakers of a second language in facing a particular workplace, academic, or professional context” (Basturkmen & Elder, 2004, p. 672). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000corpus; \u0000language for specific purposes; \u0000vocabulary","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133125049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conversation Analysis and Affiliation and Alignment","authors":"J. Steensig","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0196.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0196.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"When people respond in interaction they will invariably indicate whether they cooperate with aspects of the utterances they respond to. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000language and social interaction; \u0000methods; \u0000pragmatics; \u0000research methods in applied linguistics","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124620277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Qualitative Research on Information and Communication Technology","authors":"Paige Ware, M. Warschauer","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0984.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.WBEAL0984.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Qualitative research on information and communication technology (ICT) covers a wide terrain, from studies examining online text comprehension \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000CALL; \u0000computer mediated communication; \u0000research methods in applied linguistics; \u0000language learning technology; \u0000literacy","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126270147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Linguistic Landscape and Language Learning","authors":"D. Malinowski, S. Dubreil","doi":"10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1492","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":298589,"journal":{"name":"The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121785738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}