TalTech Journal of European Studies最新文献

{"title":"Comprehensibility and Automation: Plain Language in the Era of Digitalization","authors":"István Üveges","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The current article briefly presents a pilot machine-learning experiment on the classification of official texts addressed to lay readers with the use of support vector machine as a baseline and fastText models. For this purpose, a hand-crafted corpus was used, created by the experts of the National Tax and Customs Administration of Hungary under the office’s Public Accessibility Programme. The corpus contained sentences that were paraphrased or completely rewritten by the experts to make them more readable for lay people, as well their original counter pairs. The aim was to automatically distinguish between these two classes by using supervised machine-learning algorithms. If successful, such a machine-learning-based model could be used to draw the attention of experts involved in making the texts of official bodies more comprehensible to the average reader to the potentially problematic points of a text. Therefore, the process of rephrasing such texts could be sped up drastically. Such a rephrasing (considering, above all, the needs of the average reader) can improve the overall comprehensibility of official (mostly legal) texts, and therefore supports access to justice, the transparency of governmental organizations and, most importantly, improves the rule of law in a given country.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"64 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42534547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Fintech on Financial Institutions: The Case of Georgia","authors":"Mariam Lashkhi, Vakhtang Charaia, A. Boyarchuk, Lana Ebralidze","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using Georgia as an example, this article analyses the fintech ecosystem and the impact of fintech companies on traditional financial institutions. Both qualitative and qualitative research has been carried out for this research. Based on the analysis of Georgian and international financial markets, as well as the qualitative and regressive analysis used in the study, assumptions were made about the impact of fintech companies on traditional financial institutions. Moreover, the study identifies the challenges that hinder the development of the fintech ecosystem in Georgia regarding infrastructure, finance, regulation, and education. This article also reveals several aspects that positively affect the outcome of fintech and the diversification of the Georgian financial market. At the end of the article, the relevant conclusions and applicable recommendations are given.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"20 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42462885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a Regulatory Framework for Autonomous Vehicles: A Proximal Analysis of European Approach and Its Application to ASEAN Countries","authors":"D. Tran, Cong Tran Quoc Le","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Autonomous vehicles (AV), a new innovative product of the automobile industry designed on the basis of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, thereby capable of operating without direct human control, are believed to be the future of transportation. Hence, as with most great technology, the development of AVs would eventually be limited if regulatory changes are not implemented on time. ASEAN, one of the world’s leading emerging automobile markets, has accepted the arrival of AVs and allowed the automobile producers to introduce autonomous and semi-autonomous cars for the customers. However, most ASEAN countries, with the exception of Singapore, have yet to enact regulations governing AVs. They are facing a number of challenges in determining the legal status of AVs, thereby creating certain restrictions for establishing the platform for production, sales and uses of this AI-driven product. This article will analyse the legal framework on AVs of four ASEAN countries—Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. It then attempts to assess the regulatory approaches toward the development of a legal framework for AVs in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, to suggest some effective solutions for ASEAN.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"165 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44466539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participatory Budgeting as the Instrument of Technologically Supported Dialogue in Cracow, Poland","authors":"Urszula K. Zawadzka-Pąk","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ordinary citizens today support the local decision-making authorities in the domain of public spending using the instrument of participatory budgeting. The situation is of particular interest in Cracow, the second largest city in Poland in terms of the number of residents, as it stands out for its intensive and advanced use of technology. Here, participatory budgeting is a formalized, multi-stage procedure, composed of an information and education campaign, preparation and submission of projects, verification of submitted projects, submission and examination of protests, voting, implementing of projects, and informing about the concluded projects. Using participatory budgeting, the residents communicate their needs and obtain funds to satisfy them. Participatory budgeting covers on average 0.5% of the municipal budget and is decided by 5–7% of Cracow’s residents. The research covers the years 2019–2021 and takes into consideration the changes resulting from the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. The article aims to examine the coexistence of forms of communication, supporting dialogue between residents and local officials in the participatory budgeting process. According to the adopted hypothesis, the two forms of communication used within participatory budgeting—the traditional ones and information and communication technologies (ICTs)—are not separated but are integrated into governance process and reinforce each other. The literature, legal provisions, the website on participatory budgeting, media information, social media, and evaluation reports based on qualitative and quantitative methods were analyzed. The results show that the introduction of participatory budgeting resulted in a new type of dialogue and relationship between residents and local officials, based on the traditional tools of communication and ICTs. ICTs cannot replace the traditional forms of communication but their potential should be used to a greater extent. As both forms of communication, direct and indirect (technologically supported), coexist and have their own advantages and limitations, especially under normal, non-epidemic conditions, the two should facilitate and reinforce each other.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"3 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45163800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plagiarism as a Legal Phenomenon and Algorithm-Based Decision Making","authors":"Kristi Joamets","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Plagiarism is a question of academic dishonesty and of ethics, but it also has a legal nature. At the same time, it is closely related to technology, since algorithm-based software is generally used when proceeding a plagiarism case. The article, as an empirical legal research and qualitative case study, discusses the legal nature of plagiarism, and how such legal aspects should be considered in practice and, specifically, in the context of algorithm-based legal decision making. It is also an institutional review, presenting an analysis of the regulations in one university, and concludes with suggestions how the university should deal with plagiarism, especially considering its legal nature and development of technology.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"146 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45696618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Customary International Humanitarian Law and Article 36 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions: A Stopgap Regulator of Autonomous Weapons Systems?","authors":"Evhen Tsybulenko, A. Kajander","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) are already in use around the world by various militaries. However, the law governing such systems in the scope of international humanitarian law (IHL) currently lacks specific binding international treaties. Nevertheless, the existing framework is not silent on the topic of new weapons. Article 36 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions provides an obligation for states to review new weapons. Consequently, as AWS are being adopted, acquired, and developed, the wide reach of 174 state parties of Article 36, therefore prima facie, represents a reasonable chance of providing some AWS regulation in the meantime. Nevertheless, Article 36 is generic to all new weapons and therefore unable to address concerns specific to AWS. Therefore, considering the vast difference of AWS to weapons which rely on a human operator, it is not unreasonable to state that there is a need for additional regulation. Hence, various non-binding guidelines and recommendations, such as the ‘11 Guiding Principles’ agreed upon by the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Group of Government Experts and the International Committee of the Red Cross’ Position on Autonomous Weapons Systems, could conceivably be considered to fill this void at least partly, albeit in a non-binding manner. When considered together with Article 36, these non-binding legal instruments could add predictability and consistency to the state parties’ reviews. Consequently, this paper will examine whether Article 36, in combination with the various non-binding instruments and national positions of state parties to Additional Protocol I, is viable as a binding stopgap measure to regulate AWS. As a result, the structure of the article is trifold. The first part focuses on Article 36, the second on the non-binding guiding instruments, and finally, when both are considered together, whether Article 36 could fulfil such a stopgap role.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"87 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42260397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Crimes and Bentonite Mining and Processing Companies in Slovak Republic","authors":"Jana Kajanová, P. Nováček","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract At the time when great emphasis is being placed on environmental protection as well as on the introduction of environmental safeguards, we are faced with an undesirable phenomenon—environmental crime. Environmental crime represents one of the fastest growing security issues. It is a criminal activity, and like other crimes, it has serious consequences that are costly to eliminate. This article uses systematic analysis and, through scientific methods, points out the growth of environmental crime in Slovakia. At the same time, it introduces possible prevention tools. Our aim is to specify the term ‘environmental crime’, present the legal aspects of environmental crimes by focusing on Slovak legal regulation, extend the topic to bentonite mining and processing companies, map environmental crime in the EU Member States, and clarify the nature of environmental crime as well as the legal basis for the protection of the environment in Slovakia. The findings and conclusions have the potential to introduce a new approach to mapping the topic of environmental crimes, provide recommendations for the prevention of this type of crime, and open a discussion on the actual global problem. It is evident that the effective fight with environmental crime requires a complex and multidisciplinary approach at all levels. This includes, in particular, the use of relevant national policies and instruments, as well as those of the European Union and other international organizations.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"43 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47221812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remedies to the Irreversibility of Smart Contracts in Colombian Private Law","authors":"José David Arenas Correa","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The application of blockchain technology to contractual activity has led to a decrease in transaction costs, but also an enormous potential cost of judicial solutions that order reversal of the effects of smart contracts. This research addresses solutions, both from the perspective of updating the unforeseen theory and from clauses that are introduced to the legal smart contracts to allow reducing the costs associated with judicial decisions that declare an anomaly in the contracts.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"113 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41800626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Integrity: A Foundation for Digital Rights and the New Manifestation of Human Dignity","authors":"Lusine Vardanyan, V. Stehlík, Hovsep Kocharyan","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article is devoted to the research of the problematic aspects and modern challenges of data protection in the digital age from the perspective of the digital integrity of the person. We believe that personal data cannot be effectively protected as components of digital integrity of the person in the context of regulation of a separate right to personal data protection, which, in its turn, acts more as a tool of market regulation rather than a classical fundamental right. We argue that the consideration of digital integrity as a new foundation for digital rights and as a new manifestation of the restrictive concept of human dignity may help increase the level of effective protection of the person in the digital sphere as well as properly cover the existing gaps in the protection of the digital rights of the person.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"159 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44968252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutrality and Equality Aspects in the EU State Aid Temporary Framework 2020: The Case of the Airline Industry","authors":"Kevin Kasser, M. C. Solarte-Vásquez","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Following the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the restrictions imposed by the Member States (MSs) of the European Union (EU) led the tourism and commercial air transport industry to face serious financial difficulties that required airlines to apply for state support. In March 2020, the European Commission adopted a State Aid Temporary Framework (TF) for the COVID-19 period to simplify the process of granting aid, allowing the MSs rapid economic interventions. Claims regarding the approval of State aid to certain airlines reached the EU General Court (EGC), on the grounds of violation of the fair competition principle. It became clear that the processes enabled by the TF dispensed unequal treatment to airline companies and that the flexibility of the TF created competition imbalances. In spite of these events, little attention has been given to the way its application ignores the requirements of EU State aid control and other procedural justice and fairness principles, by failing to ensure neutrality and equality. This article addresses the matter using a standard legal interpretive approach to explain the imbalances created by the regulation. It presents a systematic review of the current regime, identifies the TF inefficiencies affecting competition principles, and argues for specific adjustments that could enhance its transparency. These contributions are useful to improve the existing framework and help prepare for a better management of future crises.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"99 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41430981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}