{"title":"Partial Discharge Inception Voltage in Liquid Dielectrics and its Definition","authors":"L. Calcara, M. Pompili, M. Baur, J. Knauel","doi":"10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612307","url":null,"abstract":"Insulating liquids represent the largest part of the insulating system in HV transformers and similar components; they are used for their excellent insulating and cooling performances and, for these reasons, they must also have high dielectric strength, high thermal conductivity and low viscosity. An important test able to give useful information on the properties of the same insulating liquids is the Partial Discharge Inception Voltage (PDIV) determination. PDIV measurement of liquid dielectrics is presently standardized by IEC TR 61294 (Determination of the partial discharge inception voltage - Test procedure), issued in 1993. This test is more sensitive than that used for the determination of the breakdown voltage (IEC 60156 or ASTM D1816 test methods) but requires a more complex experimental setup and, for this reason, it is less used. In IEC TR 61294 is also defined the Partial Discharge Inception Voltage (PDIV) as the lowest value at which at least only one partial discharge occurs of an apparent charge equal to or exceeding 100 pC, when the oil sample is tested under some specified conditions. This definition is slightly different from that given in the IEC 60270 (High-voltage test techniques - Partial discharge measurements) which reports that the PDIV is the applied voltage at which “repetitive partial discharges are first observed in the test object, when the voltage applied is gradually increased from a lower value at which no partial discharges are observed”. The present paper reports an experimental investigation for comparing PDIVs which may be found in different insulating liquids adopting different definitions, considering that in the nearest future the IEC TR 61294 will be revised and the ongoing project (WK65707) for preparing an ASTM Standard with the same scope.","PeriodicalId":298313,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"46 40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115305001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuki Hasegawa, A. Kumada, K. Hidaka, T. Okamoto, T. Umemoto
{"title":"Potential distribution on stress grading system of coil end under operating temperature of rotating machines","authors":"Yuki Hasegawa, A. Kumada, K. Hidaka, T. Okamoto, T. Umemoto","doi":"10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612284","url":null,"abstract":"Stator coil end of a rotating machine has a structure of electric field grading system (SG system) to relieve the high electric field. Although a rotating machine is operated at higher than $100^{circ}mathrm{C}$, the effect of temperature on SG system is not well understood. To investigate the performance of SG system under high temperature, experiments are conducted using a model bar simulating the end of a stator coil. AC 50 Hz voltage of 10kVp is applied to a virgin model bar at room temperature (RT) and then is heated up to $100^{circ}mathrm{C}$, and cooled to RT. This heating and cooling procedure is conducted for four times and potential distribution of the model bar at each stage was measured using a Pockels sensor. It was observed that the thermal history affects the electric field distribution formed on the SG system. The maximum value of the electric field strength on SG system, Emax, at RT gradually increased with the number heating cycle. On the other hand, the electric field strength at high temperature increased, but the effect of the thermal history was not as pronounced as at RT.","PeriodicalId":298313,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114672353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of a Pulse Generator for Testing Partial Discharge Measurement Systems","authors":"T. Hejtmánek, M. Judd, P. Drexler, B. Stewart","doi":"10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612290","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the design and implementation of a pulse generator serving as a reference generator for setting up measuring systems for monitoring partial discharges (PD) in high-voltage power transformers or gas insulated switchgear (GIS). After installing the measuring device, it is advisable to test the entire measuring chain and, if necessary, set parameters that would validate the correct detection of PD signals. Fast pulse generators are important for this verification. In systems that sense the electromagnetic activity of PD. The proposed generator should serve as the output stage of a programmable generator, which did not reach sufficient parameters for output pulses. The goal was to achieve a rising time around 100 ps and an amplitude of more than 6 V using very fast operational amplifiers and step recovery diodes to sharpen the input pulse. The measurements show waveforms of the output voltage pulse to evaluate its performance.","PeriodicalId":298313,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117142309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mian Xiao, Hengxin He, Lipeng Liu, Bin Luo, Junru Che, Junjia He
{"title":"Numerical simulation of glow corona discharge in air based on a plasma chemical model","authors":"Mian Xiao, Hengxin He, Lipeng Liu, Bin Luo, Junru Che, Junjia He","doi":"10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612282","url":null,"abstract":"Glow corona is one of the major forms of positive DC corona discharge. In order to reveal the microscopic physical process of glow corona in air, a plasma chemical model of glow corona discharge in 1D coaxial wire was established based on COMSOL, considering 28 species and 127 chemical reactions (CKS, a comprehensive kinetic scheme), and the photoionization process. The temporal and spatial distribution and evolution of the major species during the glow corona discharge were obtained. The results show that the major positive ions in the gap are $mathbf{O}_{2} ^{+},$ which are distributed in a shell shape. Negative ions are O- $,mathbf{O}_{boldsymbol{2}} ^{-}$ and $mathbf{O}_{boldsymbol{3}} ^{-}$, which mainly exist in the ionization layer. $mathbf{O}^{-}$ and $mathbf{O}_{boldsymbol{2}} ^{-}$ participate in the detachment and provide seed electrons for the next pulse. The classical fluid model (FPM, a fully coupled physical model) fails to fully consider the detachment process of negative ions, resulting in the steepness and peak-to-peak value of current waves are too large. In order to accurately predict the current oscillation waveforms, in addition to $mathbf{O}_{boldsymbol{2}} ^{-}$, it is also necessary to consider $mathbf{O}^{-}$ in detachment process.","PeriodicalId":298313,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127077284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Defect diagnosis technology based on multi-spectral point cloud","authors":"Yang Yang, Ning Yang, Lihua Li, Fei Gao","doi":"10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612269","url":null,"abstract":"To increase the ability to detect defects, 2D image RGB and temperature information was fused with 3D point cloud by calibrating cameras and LiDAR. According to the segmented area in 2D images, point cloud was semantically divided into different groups. Visual appearance defects and abnormal temperature distribution in the segmented point cloud can be recognized with less misdiagnosis. The point clouds collected at different times were compared to realize the abnormal appearance of equipment components. This application showed an improvement of the reliability of power equipment and reduction of the work pressure of operation and maintenance personnel.","PeriodicalId":298313,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126879053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peroxide Decomposition Products in Factory Joints for DC XLPE Submarine Cable","authors":"B. Sonerud, T. Mäkelä, J. Kjellqvist","doi":"10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612403","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible joints are necessary for submarine cable system to facilitate installation of long cable lengths. For extruded submarine cables, joints are typically manufactured using the same type of insulation materials as the cable to retain similar flexibility and mechanical properties as the cable. This commonly includes crosslinking the joint during manufacturing which generate peroxide decomposition products. Removal of methane from crosslinked joints through degassing is common practice for HVAC or EHVAC cables but for HVDC cables liquid decomposition products need to be removed as well. A detailed study of the distribution and development over time of methane and liquid decomposition products is presented here.","PeriodicalId":298313,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114172071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrical Tree Progression in the Presence of Micro-voids due to Thermal Aging","authors":"Moon Moon Bordeori, N. Gupta","doi":"10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612342","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal aging irreversibly changes the chemical structure of the polymer, causing the formation of oxidized carbonaceous layers and micro-voids. Voids also increase in size and number due to thermal aging. The presence of voids is known to affect electric tree growth inside the epoxy resin. The current work aims to understand the effect of thermal aging on electrical tree growth using a stochastic 3D model. The numerical stochastic model is developed based on the Weismann and Zeller (WZ) model for electrical tree growth. Spherical voids of varying diameters are inserted into a computational sample. The tree is assumed to initiate from a needle tip of a needle-plane electrode configuration and grow in a step-wise manner from the existing tree structure. The location of a new branch is chosen stochastically, with the probability depending on the local electric field. After the addition of each tree branch, the electrical field is recalculated with appropriate boundary conditions. Partial discharges (PD) within the tree tubules result in charge redistribution along the channel walls and on the tips of tree tubules. Similarly, pd within existing voids cause charge deposition on the void walls. The effect of charge on tree tubules, tips, and void walls is taken into account in simulating tree progression. The effect of the size and distribution of the voids is investigated in this work. Computationally generated trees are compared with experimentally obtained trees.","PeriodicalId":298313,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126331173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of Convolution Neural Network in Hydrophobicity Classification","authors":"Y. Fahmy, A. El-Hag","doi":"10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612318","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating silicone rubber outdoor insulators surface condition is crucial to ensure their health conditions. A hydrophobicity classification system first developed by Swedish Transmission Research Institute (STRI) and recently adapted by the IEC 62073 standards classifies the insulators to seven different classes. The system requires certain expertise to be able to implement the classification which may not be available in many utilities. The objective of this paper is use deep learning to classify non-ceramic insulators hydrophobicity. Moreover, the efficiency of deep learning will be compared with the traditional machine learning (ML) approach. A previous dataset will be used as the database for this paper. Different convolutional neural network (CNN) topologies will be investigated. It has been found that the prediction accuracy of using CNN is similar to classical ML algorithms with the advantage of being easier to implement.","PeriodicalId":298313,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127922102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Power Capacity of High Voltage Cables for Future Electrical Aircraft","authors":"Hang Xu, R. Lowndes, I. Cotton","doi":"10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612313","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts to reduce CO2 emissions from future electrical aircraft have focused on improving fuel efficiency by replacing hydraulic and pneumatically powered systems with electrically powered components. Voltage and current levels continue to increase to support the increased demand for electric power. The frequency level is also high in some parts of the AC system. This paper describes the analysis carried out to understand the power rating of screened and unscreened cables under various AC frequency and pressure conditions. It is found that increasing frequency and decreasing pressure can lead to a decreasing current capacity due to skin effect and a reduction of convective heat transfer coefficient respectively. Moreover, screened cables are shown to be particularly advantageous in an aerospace environment given the higher withstand voltage and the slightly improved thermal performance. The results will deliver improved guidance in the current rating design of high voltage cables applied in an unpressurised environment.","PeriodicalId":298313,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132497977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oil flow damage in Kraft paper 1: Thermal aging","authors":"I. Hosier, P. Lewin, G. Wilson","doi":"10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic49891.2021.9612325","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal aging was used as a tool to prepare samples of Kraft paper spanning its entire life cycle in a high voltage transformer, from new to end of life. After characterization of DP and mechanical properties, selected samples were exposed to oil flows mimicking ONAN, OFAF and reclamation conditions. Aging combined with high flow rates, led to significant surface roughening but despite this, no significant erosion was detected even under reclamation conditions. Whilst the tests need to be repeated at higher oil temperatures which more closely reflect conditions in plant, these preliminary findings indicate that the paper insulation component is unlikely to be damaged by normal reclamation activities, even in significantly aged assets.","PeriodicalId":298313,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"2020 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131501204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}