DiplomaticaPub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.1163/25891774-02020004
J. M. Escribano-Páez
{"title":"Diplomatic Gifts, Tributes and Frontier Violence: Circulation of Contentious Presents in the Moluccas (1575–1606)","authors":"J. M. Escribano-Páez","doi":"10.1163/25891774-02020004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-02020004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000A crucial asset for cross-cultural communication during the early modern period, diplomatic gifts have been traditionally associated with courtly diplomacy and peaceful encounters. However, recent scholarship on this topic has emphasized how gifts can reveal bitter political rivalries and asymmetries of power. Building on this line of inquiry, this article explores the complex roles of gifts in the dynamics of cross-cultural violence on the frontiers of the Iberian empires in Southeast Asia. Through the examination of a wide array of sources, I aim to show how gift-giving turned into one of the multiple factors fueling the violent conflict between Moluccan sultans and Iberian authorities in the region between 1575 and 1606.","PeriodicalId":29720,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42564327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DiplomaticaPub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.1163/25891774-02020011
Alison Holmes
{"title":"Parama Sinha Palit, Analysing China’s Soft Power Strategy and Comparative Indian Initiatives","authors":"Alison Holmes","doi":"10.1163/25891774-02020011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-02020011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29720,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44611602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DiplomaticaPub Date : 2020-05-18DOI: 10.1163/25891774-00201002
Niels Willigen
{"title":"Business Diplomacy from an IR Perspective","authors":"Niels Willigen","doi":"10.1163/25891774-00201002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-00201002","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of globalization and the concomitant increasing importance of nonstate actors, including Transnational Corporations (tncs), the role of business in world affairs still is a relatively small topic within the discipline of international relations (IR) and in the sub-fields of foreign policy analysis (fpa) and International Political Economy (ipe). A quick scan of several text books on IR, show that coverage of tncs as actors in world politics is still limited compared to other actors, including states, International Governmental Organizations (igos) and Non-Governmental Organizations (ngos).1 Moreover, there is hardly any attempt to incorporate businesses in the theoretical approaches. This seems odd, given the widespread view that tncs have become political actors that influence government policies. But instead of focusing on tncs and other businesses as actors, most attention seems to go to the more abstract forces of the free market that are pushing globalization.2 The lack of attention for businesses as political actors also means that the idea of businesses as diplomatic actors has not really been taken up yet; in spite of an emerging body of literature focusing on business diplomacy. Business diplomacy, also called corporate diplomacy or corporate business diplomacy in the literature, refers to activities undertaken by commercial actors (and is thus not limited to tncs) that resemble diplomacy in the traditional meaning of the term. In a special issue of The Hague Journal of Diplomacy it has been defined as “an approach to geopolitical and non-commercial risk","PeriodicalId":29720,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/25891774-00201002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47512262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DiplomaticaPub Date : 2020-05-18DOI: 10.1163/25891774-00201003
C. Antunes
{"title":"Early Modern Business Diplomacy: an Appraisal","authors":"C. Antunes","doi":"10.1163/25891774-00201003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-00201003","url":null,"abstract":"Jennifer Kesteleyn, Shaun Riordan and Huub Ruël define business diplomacy as “an approach to geopolitical and non-commercial risk management that is based on the practices and mindset of diplomats.”1 In this definition, firms take “diplomat-like” actions in seeking to accommodate, avoid and manage external risks to the entrepreneurial activity itself. In this sense, the authors make a clear distinction between business diplomacy and current definitions of economic diplomacy, which can be summarized as actions taken by national governments to support and advance the competitive advantage of the firms these governments support.2 Even if the definition of business diplomacy is, at times, confused with a multitude of concepts like corporate diplomacy, public affairs, corporate social responsibility or public relations, Kesteleyn, Riordan and Ruël insist that “The key distinction of business diplomacy ... is not the actor, but the diplomatic mindset, which seeks to place geopolitical risk management within a coherent and long-term strategic context.”3 While the conceptual framework and distinctions proposed by experts in contemporary diplomacy and international relations do not play a role in diplomatic studies regarding the Early Modern period, the absence of this framework does not necessarily mean that Early Modern historians are oblivious to matters concerning business and economic diplomacy as understood for the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. On the contrary, both concepts appear prominently in historiography pertaining to the chronology encompassed by the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, albeit concerning specific forms of diplomacy, particular firms and very specific geographical spaces.","PeriodicalId":29720,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/25891774-00201003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42572142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DiplomaticaPub Date : 2019-12-06DOI: 10.1163/25891774-00102002
Veronika Flegar
{"title":"unhcr’s Shifting Frames in the Social Construction of Disabled Refugees: Two Case Studies on the Organization’s Work During the World Refugee Year (1959–1960) and the International Year of Disabled Persons (1981)","authors":"Veronika Flegar","doi":"10.1163/25891774-00102002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-00102002","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes unhcr’s understanding of disabled refugees during the 1959–1960 World Refugee Year (wry) and the 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons (iydp) and, specifically, how this understanding is intertwined with the international-protection activities that were undertaken on their behalf during both years. This analysis is based on archival material on the two years from the unhcr archives in Geneva. The article finds that unhcr’s engagement with disabled refugees during the two UN observances is characterized by the economic rationale of self-sufficiency and the humanitarian rationale of vulnerability – depending on what was perceived as the best-selling frame in light of the political climate at the time. Both cases therefore highlight the political nature of classifications and frames for the international protection of disabled refugees and expose how the international protection of disabled refugees is not static but, instead, remains repeatedly reconstructed.","PeriodicalId":29720,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41740543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DiplomaticaPub Date : 2019-12-06DOI: 10.1163/25891774-00102007
M. Baár
{"title":"International Days at the United Nations: Expanding the Scope of Diplomatic Histories","authors":"M. Baár","doi":"10.1163/25891774-00102007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-00102007","url":null,"abstract":"The article argues that more thorough scholarly engagement with the United Nations’ international days has the potential for expanding the scope of diplomatic histories. It first provides a taxonomy of UN years by illuminating their repertoire, dynamics and peculiarities. Next, it discusses instances of how UN days are communicated to the public, emphasizing the role of media and celebrity diplomacy. Subsequently, the article demonstrates the crucial contribution of ngos, policy makers, and professionals who, as “outside-insiders” form the “Third UN.” Lastly, the article advances the argument that in order to obtain a more comprehensive account of UN days, another group of actors should be identified. These are comprised of organizations and individuals who are complete outsiders, but nevertheless contribute to the UN’s “marketplace of ideas” – a group that may be designated the “Fourth UN.”","PeriodicalId":29720,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatica","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64459285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DiplomaticaPub Date : 2019-12-06DOI: 10.1163/25891774-00102009
Alexandros Nafpliotis
{"title":"Diplomacy: Communication and the Origins of International Order, written by Robert F. Trager. 2017","authors":"Alexandros Nafpliotis","doi":"10.1163/25891774-00102009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-00102009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29720,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47162358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DiplomaticaPub Date : 2019-12-06DOI: 10.1163/25891774-00102003
Ned Richardson-Little
{"title":"From Tehran to Helsinki: the International Year of Human Rights 1968 and State Socialist Eastern Europe","authors":"Ned Richardson-Little","doi":"10.1163/25891774-00102003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25891774-00102003","url":null,"abstract":"When the United Nations proclaimed 1968 to be the International Year of Human Rights, the official goal was to promote the adoption of the recently created human rights Covenants around the world. Instead of compelling the Eastern Bloc to accept liberal democratic conceptions of rights, however, it acted as a catalyst for the genesis of state socialist conceptions of human rights. Eastern Bloc elites claimed these rights were superior to those in the West, which they argued was beset by imperialism and racism. Although some within Eastern Europe used the Year as an opportunity to challenge state socialist regimes from within, the UN commemoration gave socialist elites a new language to legitimize the status quo in Eastern Europe and to call for radical anti-imperialism abroad. While dissent in the name of human rights in 1968 was limited, the state socialist embrace of human rights politics provided a crucial step towards the Helsinki Accords of 1975 and the subsequent rise of human rights activism behind the Iron Curtain.","PeriodicalId":29720,"journal":{"name":"Diplomatica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49247840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}