California Fish and Wildlife Journal最新文献

{"title":"Use of atypical aquatic breeding habitat by the California tiger salamander","authors":"J. Alvarez, M. A. Shea, Sarah M. Foster, Jeffrey T. Wilcox","doi":"10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29697,"journal":{"name":"California Fish and Wildlife Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41601552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological variation among island foxes relative to reproductive events","authors":"Robyn M. Powers, B. Cypher, K. Ralls, J. Randall, Erica C. Kelly","doi":"10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.24","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological attributes of a species can vary as resource requirements and social interactions change in response to the annual reproductive cycle. We examined variation in home range size, home range overlap, activity (2005–2006), and food item selection (2006–2007) of island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) on San Nicolas Island relative to reproduction-related events. Home ranges, particularly for males, were larger during the mating period compared with the post-mating, pup-rearing, and non-reproduction periods. Home range overlap with non-mate neighbors also increased during the mating period. The greater home range size and overlap during the mating season is consistent with foxes, particularly males, traveling into the ranges of neighboring pairs in an attempt to secure extra-pair copulations. Daily activity patterns did not vary among the reproductive periods. Use of vertebrate prey items increased during the period when adults would have been provisioning weaning young. These items (e.g., mice, birds, lizards) are protein-rich and easier to transport compared with smaller items (e.g., fruits, snails, insects) that also are commonly consumed by island foxes. Variation in ecological attributes among island foxes across the different seasons defined by reproductive events likely represents efforts to maximize mating opportunities, particularly among adult males, and to secure optimal resources for provisioning growing young. These patterns are consistent with those observed among other small canid species.","PeriodicalId":29697,"journal":{"name":"California Fish and Wildlife Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48109322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Notes on reproduction of black toads from California","authors":"S. Goldberg","doi":"10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29697,"journal":{"name":"California Fish and Wildlife Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42301655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current status of the Mohave ground squirrel: an update covering the period 2013–2020","authors":"P. Leitner","doi":"10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.18","url":null,"abstract":"The Mohave ground squirrel (Xerospermophilus mohavensis) is endemic to the western Mojave Desert of California. It is restricted to a small geographic area and is listed as Threatened under the California Endangered Species Act. Human development has resulted in loss and degradation of its desert habitat and climate change is believed to pose an additional threat. To determine its current conservation status and geographic distribution, I have assembled all available data from field studies during the years 2013-2020. These data confirm that the species is still present in 4 core areas and that it continues to be widespread in the northern and central portions of its historical range. However, the recent data also confirm earlier conclusions that the Mohave ground squirrel is now extirpated from the southernmost portion of its range. Recent surveys raise concerns about its status in other areas as well. A large-scale trail camera survey on the South Range unit of China Lake Naval Air Weapons Station in 2019 failed to detect the Mohave ground squirrel over much of this large installation. Recent trail camera surveys on Fort Irwin strongly suggest that the closely-related round-tailed ground squirrel (Xerospermophilus tereticaudus) has now replaced the Mohave ground squirrel over most of the base. There is additional evidence that the round-tailed ground squirrel is present in disturbed habitats to the west of Barstow and that hybridization with the Mohave ground squirrel is occurring there. It will be important to protect and conserve currently occupied Mohave ground squirrel habitat in view of this new information.","PeriodicalId":29697,"journal":{"name":"California Fish and Wildlife Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46029338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population ecology and survivorship of San Joaquin antelope squirrels in grazed and control plots in the San Joaquin Desert of California","authors":"D. Germano, G. Rathbun, L. Saslaw, B. Cypher","doi":"10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.20","url":null,"abstract":"The San Joaquin antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelsoni) is endemic to the San Joaquin Desert of California. It has been listed as Threatened by the state of California since 1980 due to profound habitat loss, but a paucity of information could limit conservation efforts for this species. We examined data collected each August during 1997–2006 to determine whether A. nelsoni population attributes differed between grazed and ungrazed study plots. We found that sex ratios, mean weights, percentage of reproductive males, number of young, yearly survival, longevity, overall survivorship, and population growth trajectories all were similar between grazed and ungrazed plots. In general, sex ratios were even, males were heavier than females, some males were reproductive in August (although most females were not), and the number of young was inversely related to residual dry matter. We also found that we captured most individuals only once, but we captured a few squirrels for up to for 5 years, and the populations on both grazed and ungrazed plots were growing during the 10-year study. Our study was only the second long-term investigation of this species and the information is needed for further conservation and recovery efforts.","PeriodicalId":29697,"journal":{"name":"California Fish and Wildlife Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47203195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic relationships among subclades within the Trinity bristle snail species complex, riverine barriers, and re-classification","authors":"R. M. Sullivan","doi":"10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.6","url":null,"abstract":"The Trinity bristle snail (Monadenia setosa) is listed as a threatened species under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA). In northern California, populations of this endemic terrestrial gastropod occur in rare, isolated, and highly fragmented locations within the greater Trinity Basin. Since 1952 when it was originally described, the taxonomic status of the Trinity bristle snail has been questioned based on unpublished information limited in geographic scope and sample size, which resulted in the taxon being reduced from species status (M. setosa) to subspecific status (M. i. setosa) within the Redwood sideband (M. infumata) species complex. Primary objectives of the present study were to: 1) use DNA extraction and PCR sequencing to gain insight into patterns of genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships among a larger sample of endemic populations of the Trinity bristle snail; 2) re-evaluate the systematic and taxonomic status of the species using outgroup analysis and references samples from sympatric ecologically co-occurring taxa within the genus Monadenia; and 3) evaluate the potential biogeographic effects of major riverine systems on genetic differentiation among relic and disjunct populations within the Trinity Basin. Results of the DNA sequence analysis using several different tree reconstruction methods revealed that subspecies of the Redwood sideband (M. i. subcarinata), Yellow-based sideband (M. i. ochromphalus), and the Trinity bristle (M. i. setosa) exhibited a phylogenetic signal at > 95% species probability. Except for the Yellow-based sideband, molecular evidence detected the presence of several morphologically cryptic subclades within each species clade formerly undescribed by the scientific community. Syntopic1 ecological relationships between subclades of the Trinity bristle snail and the Redwood sideband occurred in several areas within the geographic range of the Trinity bristle snail, which indicated that these subclades were conservatively differentiated at the subspecific level. A Bayesian coalescent tree showed that genetic variation 1 Syntopy refers to the joint occurrence of two species in the same habitat at the same time, which may result in hybridization between closely related taxa or sister species. In contrast, sympatric species occur together in the same region, but do not necessarily share the same localities as syntopic species do (Futuma 2009). among allopatric subclades of the Trinity bristle snail and the Redwood sideband were congruent with hydrological discontinuities associated with site-specific riparian stream corridors and the primary river systems within the Trinity Basin. Correlation analysis revealed a pattern of area effects, wherein sparsely bristled Trinity bristle snails were generally found to the northwest and more abundantly bristled individuals to the southeast in relation to primary river corridors that bisect the central Trinity Basin. A similar but opposite trend was obser","PeriodicalId":29697,"journal":{"name":"California Fish and Wildlife Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70988664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of ecologically meaningful, multiple-species conservation strategies under the California and U.S. Endangered Species Acts","authors":"E. Fleishman, T. George, Eric C. Hansen, Julie A. Heinrichs","doi":"10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.3","url":null,"abstract":"The California and U.S. Endangered Species Acts prohibit take of protected species, but allow for authorization of take incidental to otherwise lawful activities provided the take is minimized and mitigated. Incomplete and inconsistent ecological information can limit the contribution of mitigation plans for incidental take, especially those for multiple species, to species persistence. Many such plans focus on acquisition and management of coarse-resolution land-cover or land-use types. These classifications may not coincide with a species’ resource requirements (its habitat) or the greatest constraints to its viability. Complementing acquisition with rigorous research on population biology, stressors, and habitat use and quality may be much more effective than preservation of putative but unproven habitat. Such adaptive conservation can be applied to species with restricted or extensive distributions. When the distribution and ecology of geographically restricted species are well-known, then connectivity analyses, sometimes complemented by spatially explicit, mechanistic population models, may inform habitat acquisition and management. When little information exists on the ecology or vital rates of a restricted species, we suggest assessment of occupancy, habitat use, or demography; tracking individuals’ movements; and evaluation of habitat quality. Acquisition and management of local lands that may not serve as habitat is unlikely to contribute to conservation of extensively distributed species with range-wide declines. Instead, we suggest that conservation efforts for these species emphasize strategic acquisition of open space (large, undeveloped areas that are more likely to serve as high-quality habitat), potentially in locations distant from the permit area. The above areas of research can inform optimization of conservation locations. Many mitigation decisions are based on assumptions drawn from limited data. Inclusion of scientific research in development and implementation of mitigation plans for incidental take can strengthen the plans’ information content, improve the ecological success acquisition and management, and advance conservation of protected species.","PeriodicalId":29697,"journal":{"name":"California Fish and Wildlife Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45605612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation of endangered Tipton kangaroo rats (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides): status surveys, habitat suitability, and conservation recommendations","authors":"B. Cypher, Scott E. Phillips, Tory L. Westall, Erin N. Tennant, L. Saslaw, Erica C. Kelly, Christine L. VanHorn Job","doi":"10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.23","url":null,"abstract":"The Tipton kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides; TKR) is listed as endangered both Federally and by the state of California due to profound habitat loss throughout its range in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. Habitat loss is still occurring and critical needs for TKR include identifying occupied sites, quantifying optimal habitat conditions, and conserving habitat. Our objectives were to (1) conduct surveys to identify sites where TKR were extant, (2) assess habitat attributes on all survey sites, (3) generate a GIS-based model of TKR habitat suitability, (4) use the model to determine the quantity and quality of remaining TKR habitat, and (5) use these results to develop conservation recommendations. We surveyed for TKR on 44 sites by live-trapping and detected TKR on 15 sites. Sites with TKR tended to have larger alkali scalds and no obvious sign of past tilling compared to sites without TKR. Also, sites with TKR usually had relatively sparse ground cover and seepweed (Suaeda nigra) was present. The non-protected Heermann’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni), a larger competitor, was either absent or present in relatively low numbers at sites with TKR, and when present its abundance was inversely related to that of TKR. Based on our habitat suitability modeling, an estimated 30,000 ha of moderately high or high quality TKR habitat and 60,000 ha of lower or medium quality habitat remain. However, habitat is still being lost and conversion of at least one survey site with TKR occurred during this project. Recommendations for TKR conservation are to (1) conduct additional TKR surveys on unsurveyed but suitable sites, (2) conserve suitable habitat on unprotected lands, (3) manage vegetation on occupied sites if necessary, (4) restore disturbed lands to increase suitability for TKR, and (5) research methods and conduct translocations of TKR to unoccupied sites with suitable habitat.","PeriodicalId":29697,"journal":{"name":"California Fish and Wildlife Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49150105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salvage and translocation of endangered Santa Cruz long-toed salamander larvae","authors":"Terris Kasteen, Mark L. Allaback, David M. Laabs, Chad J. Mitcham, Kelli Camara, Chris Caris","doi":"10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29697,"journal":{"name":"California Fish and Wildlife Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45280380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Owens Valley nesting willow flycatcher under pressure","authors":"L. Greene, Elisabeth Otto, C. McCreedy","doi":"10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51492/CFWJ.CESASI.17","url":null,"abstract":"Willow flycatchers (Empidonax traillii; WIFL) nest along the Owens River and Horton Creek in the Owens Valley. Migrating WIFL visit these sites as well as many other tributaries to both the Owens River and Mono Lake. We estimate there are approximately 35 WIFL territories in the Owens valley, or 5% of territories in California. Nesting WIFL in the Owens Valley are likely the federally endangered southwestern subspecies (E. t. extimus; SWIFL). The Chalk Bluff nesting site is particularly important as large nesting areas tend to be both rare and important for SWIFL and it contains more than half (63%) of all known WIFL territories in the region, which also represents 12% of all nesting SWIFL in California. Between 2014 and 2016, WIFL territory numbers declined from 37 to 27 across the three largest breeding sites. Territory numbers may have been influenced by drought conditions or brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater; BHCO) nest parasitism. In 2015 and 2016, comprehensive nest monitoring found nest parasitism rates were >40%, and nest success was lower in parasitized nests (16%; N = 5/31) compared with non-parasitized nests (60%; N = 31/52). BHCO management could potentially improve nest success for WIFL as well as many other open-cup nesting riparian birds in the Owens Valley.","PeriodicalId":29697,"journal":{"name":"California Fish and Wildlife Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41750728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}