A. Ba, Q. Yi, Junzhen Zhu, H. Bui, G. Tian, G. Berthiau, G. Wasselynck
{"title":"Impact Damages Detection on CFRP Using Eddy Current Pulsed Thermography","authors":"A. Ba, Q. Yi, Junzhen Zhu, H. Bui, G. Tian, G. Berthiau, G. Wasselynck","doi":"10.3233/saem200025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/saem200025","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) materials are widely used in aerospace due to their low weigh to strength ratio. Non-destructive Testing (NDT) Techniques becomes a necessity with increasing use of CFRP materials. Induction Thermography is a new NDT technique that can be exploited as a promising fast and global control. However, the detection of typical flaws in carbon composites such as delamination, fibers rupture and impact damages need to be further investigated in order to optimize the technique. Optimization can be done in the test configuration level and by the use an appropriate image technique. In this paper Eddy Current Pulse Compression Thermography (ECPuCT) is used to detect impact damages on CFRP materials. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based image processing technique is used to detect and visualize impact damage area from transient thermal images. Flaw detection results using experimental measures will be shown and discussed.","PeriodicalId":296740,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124210889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peizhen Shi, S. Ding, Yuming Chen, Yiqing Wang, G. Tian, F. Zhu
{"title":"Corrosion Evaluation Using Clustering Method Based on Eddy Current Pulsed Thermography","authors":"Peizhen Shi, S. Ding, Yuming Chen, Yiqing Wang, G. Tian, F. Zhu","doi":"10.3233/saem200041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/saem200041","url":null,"abstract":"As a popular defect of steel, corrosion had been a big challenge to industry safe and structural health. For atmosphere corrosion characterization and evaluation, a clustering by fast search and find of density peaks (CFSFDP) algorithm, combined with gap statistic (GS) method is utilized to corroded Q235 carbon steel tubes. With the proposed method, three natural atmosphere corroded samples are investigated and classified. The proposed method successfully identifies the samples with different service periods. The temperature gradient, which indicates the heat generation and conductivity, is used to analyze cluster center selection. The matching rate is presented as a feature to reflect the corrosion state difference.","PeriodicalId":296740,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114469694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoting Xiao, Guiyun Tian, Dong Liu, Mark Robinson, A. Gallagher
{"title":"Developments in GPR Based NDT for Ballastless Track of High-Speed Railways","authors":"Xiaoting Xiao, Guiyun Tian, Dong Liu, Mark Robinson, A. Gallagher","doi":"10.3233/saem200045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/saem200045","url":null,"abstract":"For the past decades, ballastless track has been developed and used successfully throughout the world. Due to the multi-layer concrete structure of a ballastless track, timely detection of problems becomes a significant challenge. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), as an effective nondestructive method, has been applied to ballastless track in the last ten years. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of GPR for the ballastless track. The challenges and problems are highlighted and discussed. A Vector Network Analyser (VNA) based stepped-frequency GPR system is considered for the problems and detection requirements. The experimental results show that the proposed system can detect narrow cracks in the depth up to 50cm.","PeriodicalId":296740,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114905082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Numerical Simulation on Stress Measurement with Eddy Current Thermography","authors":"Shuwen Deng, Suixian Yang, Yong Yao","doi":"10.3233/saem200018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/saem200018","url":null,"abstract":"Stress in components will lead to the change of material properties and even failure. Therefore, the assessment for the stress state of components is play an important role in testing industry. As a non-contact and multi-physical field nondestructive testing method, eddy current thermography (ECT) can be applied to detect non-homogeneous electromagnetic characteristics parameter distribution in conductive materials. Internal stress and its distribution in a material will affect the value of electromagnetic characteristic parameters. If induction current applied on conductive material, the Joule’s heat, which generate in the sample will lead to the temperature rise on the surface of the specimen by induction heating process. The temperature distribution on the specimen surface can be recorded by infra camera and stored as IR images or videos. The feature of the temperature distribution and its variation can be used to express the stress state in the specimen. It is concluded that there is an approximate linear relationship between the surface temperature appreciation and the loading force when the excitation source condition remains unchanged.","PeriodicalId":296740,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"38 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113980386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Investigation of Corrosion Progression Using Laser Profilometry","authors":"Hong Zhang, R. Wu","doi":"10.3233/saem200028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/saem200028","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric corrosion progression characterisation on metal substrates is a major problem in the field of corrosion science and Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE). A laser profilometry has been used to characterise the corrosion on the mild steel plate at a low cost and high resolution. Four mild steel samples have been measured which exposed to the marine environment from 1 month to 10 months. Two features have been developed to characterise thickness variation in the corrosion layer. These features have been used to characterise corrosion progression through experimental studies. The relationship between these features and corrosion progression has been derived which is useful for corrosion progression measurement, early-stage corrosion prediction, and monitoring areas.","PeriodicalId":296740,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134143396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zibo Li, Shicheng Li, Donghao Wang, Guangmin Sun, C. He, Yu Li, Xiucheng Liu, Yanchao Cai, Chu Wang
{"title":"Prediction of the Hardness of X12m Using Barkhausen Noise and Chebyshev Polynomials Regression Methods","authors":"Zibo Li, Shicheng Li, Donghao Wang, Guangmin Sun, C. He, Yu Li, Xiucheng Liu, Yanchao Cai, Chu Wang","doi":"10.3233/saem200030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/saem200030","url":null,"abstract":"Barkhausen noise (BN) is electromagnetic pulse sequence that could be used to nondestructively predict the properties of materials such as hardness, residual stress and carbon content. Current BN signal analysis methods fail to describe the highly variated BN signal and achieve high regression accuracy due to the low interpretability of neural network and limited capacity of mathematical regression tools. In this paper, two multi-variable regression tools, named partial Chebyshev polynomial regression (PCPR) and Mutual Information-based Feature Selection with Class-dependent Redundancy and multi-variable Chebyshev polynomials regression (MIFS-CR+MCPR), are employed for the first time to predict the hardness of Cr12MoV steel (i.e. X12m). Combined with Chebyshev polynomials, our regression tools are designed on the basis of cascaded regression and mutual-information-based feature selection. As represented by the experimental results for predicting the hardness of X12m, the proposed method outperforms other comparative methods including neural network and partial linear square regression method.","PeriodicalId":296740,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130522364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Validation of the Reduced Vector Potential Formulation with the DtN Boundary Condition","authors":"A. Efremov, L. Udpa, A. Tamburrino","doi":"10.3233/saem200020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/saem200020","url":null,"abstract":"This work describes the validation against experimental data of a Reduced Vector Potential Formulation combined with a boundary condition given by the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator. One of the classic nondestructive testing problems is investigated: the differential bobbin coil scan inside a tube with a defect. Several defects are simulated, and the results are compared to the experimental data acquired at four frequencies.","PeriodicalId":296740,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132450054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on Effect of Electromagnetic Characteristics of Deformed 304 Stainless Steel on Eddy Current Testing","authors":"Benli Wan, B. Hu, Li Yuntao, Yuhong Zhu","doi":"10.3233/saem200003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/saem200003","url":null,"abstract":"The induced ferrite and other high magnetic microstructures content changes are studied when 304 austenitic stainless steel stripe specimens are tested under different uniaxial tension deformation, namely its deformation less than 50%. Furtherly, the correlation is plotted between the resulting magnetic permeability or coercivity caused by these microstructures and deformation. Meanwhile, the optimal eddy current excitation frequency under different deformation was obtained, which was consistent with 3-D finite element analysis (FEA). Besides, other various factors affecting the quality of eddy current testing (ECT), such as temperature and conductivity, are also considered comprehensively during the tensile test. The results of the experiment and simulation calculation show that when the deformation is within 50% that necking deformation has occurred, the magnetic permeability of specimens increases with deformation, and gradually begin to have the magnetic properties of weak ferromagnetic materials, which also changes the optimal excitation frequency, which varies from 60 kHz to 110 kHz. Because of the electromagnetic response noise increase, the impedance plane diagrams of defects distort simultaneously, which leads to the quantitative evaluation error of defects.","PeriodicalId":296740,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124689977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eddy Current Testing of the Lightning Strike Protection Layer in Aerospace Composite Structures","authors":"Bo Feng, D. Pasadas, A. Ribeiro, H. Ramos","doi":"10.3233/saem200004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/saem200004","url":null,"abstract":"The lightning strike protection layer, which is a mesh of metal stripes, is adhered to composite materials to dissipate the huge current induced during lightning strike. This paper presents an eddy current imaging method to inspect defects in the lightning strike protection layer. A tuning method was applied to tune the resonant frequency of excitation and sensing coils and enhance the testing results. Two parameters, namely the amplitude of induced voltage in the sensing coil and the amplitude of the voltage across a sampling resistor in the excitation circuit, were used to image the defects. The results show that the image formed by sensing coil voltage is less noisy and more accurate.","PeriodicalId":296740,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127155307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-Channel IoT-Based Ensemble-Features Fault Diagnosis for Machine Condition Monitoring","authors":"Shang Gao, Cuicui Du","doi":"10.3233/saem200037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/saem200037","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a multi-channel internet of things (IoT)-based industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) with ensemble-features fault diagnosis for machine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper, the rolling bearing is taken as an example of monitored industrial equipment due to its wide use in industrial processes. The rolling bearing vibration signals are measured for further processing and analysis. On-sensor node ensemble feature extraction and fault diagnosis using Back Propagation network are then investigated to address the tension between the higher system requirements of IWSNs and the resource-constrained characteristics of sensor nodes. A two-step classifier fusion approach using Dempster-Shafer theory is also explored to increase diagnosis result quality. Four rolling bearing operating in cage fracture, rolling ball spalling, inner ring spalling and outer ring spalling are monitored to evaluate the proposed system. The final fault diagnosis results using the proposed classifier fusion approach give a result certainty of at least 94.21%, proving the feasibility of the proposed method to identify the bearing-fault patterns. This paper is conducted to provide new insights into how a high-accuracy IoT-based ensemble-features fault diagnosis algorithm is designed and further giving advisable reference to more IWSNs scenarios.","PeriodicalId":296740,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132298437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}