Polish Journal of Applied Psychology最新文献

{"title":"The body self in women who practice aikido","authors":"Anna Halik, Marta Kochan-Wójcik","doi":"10.1515/pjap-2015-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Our thesis explores the experience of corporeality by women who practice aikido. The categories used by those women to describe their body self and its functions were analyzed. In order to explore the subject, quality research was implemented in the framework of grounded theory. Five women comprised the research group, all of whom had been practicing Birankai Aikido for nine or more years. Semi-structured interviews were carried out. Each interview contained five areas referring to practicing aikido, corporality, behavior and the connection between practicing aikido and corporality. Three areas emerged referring to the corporality construct, namely the body, emotions, and interpersonal contacts. The fields of the body and emotions were dominated by a functional dimension, whereas in the field of interpersonal contacts we noted a particularly strong feeling of group affiliation. Participants also displayed a strong need for self-realization, self-control, and persistence. The data collected give sufficient grounds for arguing that women who practice aikido on a regular basis tend to focus on the functional aspects of their bodies and emotions. In so doing they seem to motivate themselves to achieving greater self-realization in the process of studying martial arts.","PeriodicalId":295882,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Applied Psychology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122340974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal development of young male volleyball players through transformational coach leadership","authors":"A. Krukowska, A. Poczwardowski, Dariusz Parzelski","doi":"10.1515/pjap-2015-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Leadership styles of coaches affect athletes’ sport and social skills. Recently, transformational leadership gained recognition as a beneficial, motivational and inspirational coaching style. Our study attempts to extend the understanding of transformational leadership in Polish youth sport through investigation of whether a transformational coach can lead a team effectively, while simultaneously contributing to athletes’ well-being and high performance. A male volleyball coach and twelve male volleyball players (15‒16 years old) participated in a study consisting of semi-structured interviews and participant observations. The results showed that characteristics of a transformational coach had an influence on athletes’ intrinsic motivation and involvement in training, and they served as means of satisfying the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.","PeriodicalId":295882,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Applied Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129406002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explicit and implicit attitudes toward academic cheating and its frequency among university students","authors":"Elżbieta Sanecka, Lidia Baran","doi":"10.1515/pjap-2015-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Our study examines the relation between explicit and implicit attitudes toward academic cheating and the frequency of committing it among students of different faculties (pedagogy and psychology, and law and administration). The implicit attitudes were measured using two methods - the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). As hypothesized, the explicit attitude toward academic cheating was positively related to the its frequency. Results indicate that the implicit measures did not predict the frequency of self-reported academic cheating behaviours. The field of study itself was not a differentiating factor for any studied variables. The methodological problems related with using IAT and IRAP as measures of implicit attitudes toward cheating and the study’s possible limitations were discussed. Streszczenie W prezentowanym badaniu analizowano relacje między jawną i utajoną postawą wobec oszustw akademickich oraz częstością ich popełniania wśród studentów różnych kierunków (pedagogiki i psychologii oraz prawa i administracji). Pomiar postaw utajonych został dokonany za pomocą dwóch metod - Testu Utajonych Skojarzeń (IAT) oraz Procedury Utajonych Skojarzeń Relacyjnych (IRAP). Zgodnie z przewidywaniami jawna postawa wobec oszustw akademickich wykazywała pozytywny związek z częstością popełniania oszustw akademickich. Uzyskane rezultaty wskazują na to, że utajona postaw wobec oszustw akademickich nie była predyktorem deklarowanej częstości oszustw akademickich. Kierunek studiów nie był czynnikiem różnicującym w przypadku żadnej z badanych zmiennych. Problemy metodologiczne związane z wykorzystaniem IAT i IRAP jako metod pomiaru utajonych postaw wobec oszustw akademickich oraz potencjalne ograniczenia badania zostały omówione w podsumowaniu.","PeriodicalId":295882,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Applied Psychology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127418908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Order effects in attributions of sporting abilities in team handball","authors":"Marcin Sobczyk, Dariusz Parzelski","doi":"10.1515/pjap-2015-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Our study explores the role of order effects when making attributions of ability of a performer in team handball. Participants of the study were asked to view a video footage of a handball player performing a passing and throwing task ten times. Although for everyone the footage consisted of the same ten clips, half the participants viewed a declining (successful to unsuccessful) performance pattern, whereas the other half viewed an ascending pattern. After that, participants rated the observed player’s sporting abilities. The results have shown recency effects in the attributions of ability when the judgment was made by players (for most descriptors) and by coaches (for some descriptors). Streszczenie Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie roli efektów kolejności w dokonywaniu atrybucji umiejętności sportowych zawodnika piłki ręcznej. Uczestnicy badania zostali poproszeni, aby obejrzeć materiał filmowy, na którym sportowiec dziesięć razy wykonuje ćwiczenie związane z podawaniem i rzucaniem piłki. Każdy uczestnik obejrzał film składający się z tych samych dziesięciu powtórzeń ćwiczenia, z tym, że połowa uczestników obejrzała opadający wzorzec wykonania (od dobrego do słabego), natomiast druga połowa obejrzała wznoszący wzorzec wykonania (od słabego do dobrego). Następnie, uczestnicy badania oceniali umiejętności sportowe oglądanego zawodnika. Wyniki ujawniły efekt świeżości, gdy ocena była dokonywana przez zawodników (dla większości umiejętności) oraz trenerów (dla niektórych umiejętności). Nie było natomiast żadnych efektów kolejności w grupie laików (nieznających się na piłce ręcznej).","PeriodicalId":295882,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Applied Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131303217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psycho-social determinants of sexual satisfaction in young, middle and late adulthood","authors":"Agnieszka Nomejko, Grażyna Dolińska- Zygmunt","doi":"10.1515/pjap-2015-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Numerous studies demonstrate that, regardless of the adulthood stage, sexual satisfaction is crucial to the general opinion on life quality. The models of sexual satisfaction presented in the subject literature display underlying differences in its determinants between men and women; little, however, is said about potential variations, which can occur at different stages in an adult’s life. The results presented in our article are extensively researched fragments regarding the psycho-social determinants of sexual satisfaction, conducted on 90 women and 77 men, aged 21−72. Our study attempted to determine the extent to which age affects: The sexual satisfaction level in women and men, The relationship between psycho-physical attractiveness, close relationship satisfaction, and intensification of sexual practices; with the level of sexual satisfaction for both women and men. The assessment was based on original questionnaires as well as on the Intimacy, Passion and Commitment Questionnaires by Acker and Davis. Neither age nor gender influenced the sexual satisfaction level. However, they both affected the relationship between sexual satisfaction and psychosocial variables. Streszczenie Liczne badania dowodzą, że satysfakcja seksualna jest ważna dla ogólnej oceny jakości życia na każdym etapie dorosłości. Modele satysfakcji seksualnej prezentowane w literaturze przedmiotu wskazują różnice w jej uwarunkowaniach pomiędzy kobietami i mężczyznami, niewiele jednak mówiąc o potencjalnych zmianach, mogących wystąpić na różnych etapach dorosłości. Prezentowane w artykule wyniki są fragmentem autorskich badań dotyczących psychospołecznych uwarunkowań satysfakcji seksualnej, przeprowadzonych na 90 kobietach i 77 mężczyznach w wieku 21−72 lata. Celem badania było ustalenie w jakim zakresie wiek różnicuje: poziom satysfakcji seksualnej kobiet i mężczyzn, związek oceny atrakcyjności psychofizycznej własnej i partnera, zadowolenia z bliskiego związku, nasilenia ars amandi z poziomem satysfakcji seksualnej kobiet i mężczyzn. W pomiarze wykorzystano autorskie kwestionariusze oraz Kwestionariusz Intymność, Namiętność, Zaangażowanie autorstwa Ackera i Davisa. Wiek ani płeć nie różnicowały poziomu satysfakcji seksualnej. Różnicowały jednak siłę związków zadowolenia z życia seksualnego ze zmiennymi psychospołecznymi.","PeriodicalId":295882,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Applied Psychology","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132488210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spirituality and the negative and positive effects of traumatic experiences in a group of emergency service workers","authors":"N. Ogińska-Bulik, Magdalena Zadworna-Cieślak","doi":"10.1515/pjap-2015-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: Studies concerning the importance of spirituality on the negative and positive effects of traumatic experiences are very rare. Our study attempts to determine the role of spirituality in posttraumatic stress disorders, approached as a negative result of facing traumatic events, and profiting from such experiences in the form of posttraumatic growth. Method: The study covered 116 emergency service workers (only men), including 43 firefighters (37.1%), 43 police officers (37.1%) and 30 paramedics (25.8%), who experienced a traumatic event in their line of work. Those surveyed were between 21 and 57 years of age (M = 35.28; SD = 8.13). The Impact of Event Scale was used to assess the negative effects of traumatic experience, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for assessing the positive effects. Spirituality was measured using the Selfdescription Questionnaire. Results: 61.2% of the workers displayed at least moderate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, whereas 38.8% displayed low intensity symptoms. Taking into consideration the positive effects of experienced traumatic events, it was discovered that almost 40% of those surveyed displayed low levels of posttraumatic growth, 34.5% average and 25.8% high. Correlation analysis was been performed to establish the relation between spirituality and posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth. Posttraumatic growth predictors were determined. Conclusions: Study results show that spirituality is not related to the intensification of posttraumatic stress symptoms, whereas it contributes to positive posttraumatic changes. Among different aspects of spirituality, harmony plays a major role. Streszczenie Cel badań: Badania dotyczące znaczenia duchowości w pojawianiu się negatywnych, a także pozytywnych skutków doświadczeń traumatycznych należą do rzadkości. W badaniach podjęto próbę ustalenia roli duchowości w pojawianiu się objawów stresu pourazowego, traktowanych jako negatywna konsekwencja zmagania się z wydarzeniami traumatycznymi, oraz w czerpaniu korzyści z tego wydarzenia, w postaci potraumatycznego rozwoju. Metoda: Badaniami objęto 116 pracowników służb ratowniczych (wyłącznie mężczyzn), w tym 43 strażaków (37.1%), 43 policjantów (37.1%) oraz 30 ratowników medycznych (25.8%), którzy doświadczyli wydarzenia traumatycznego w związku z wykonywaną pracą. Wiek badanych wahał się od 21 do 57 lat (M = 35.28; SD = 8.13). Do oceny negatywnych skutków doświadczanych zdarzeń traumatycznych wykorzystano Skalę Wpływu Zdarzeń, pozytywnych - Inwentarz Potraumatycznego Rozwoju. Pomiaru duchowości dokonano za pomocą Kwestionariusza Samoopisu. Wyniki: Wśród przedstawicieli służb ratowniczych 61.2% badanych, ujawniło co najmniej umiarkowane nasilenie objawów stresu pourazowego, zaś 38.8% wykazuje ich niskie nasilenie. Biorąc pod uwagę pozytywne skutki doświadczanych zdarzeń traumatycznych ujawniono, że blisko 40% badanych wykazuje niski poziom wzrostu po traumie, 34.5% - przeciętny i 25.8% wyso","PeriodicalId":295882,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Applied Psychology","volume":"283 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116090742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived Residential Environment Quality and Neighborhood Attachment (PREQ & NA) Indicators by Marino Bonaiuto, Ferdinando Fornara, and Mirilia Bonnes – Polish adaptation","authors":"M. Dębek, Bożena Janda-Dębek","doi":"10.1515/pjap-2015-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There have been increasing calls in environmental psychology for the standardized instruments measuring people’s subjective perception of urban environment quality. One such tool is a commonly accepted and oft-cited questionnaire for measuring perceived urban environmental quality, the Perceived Residential Environment Quality & Neighborhood Attachment (PREQ & NA) Indicators, developed by a team of Italian researchers: Ferdinando Fornara, Marino Bonaiuto, and Mirilia Bonnes. This article presents the results of the PREQ & NA’s adaptation study that we conducted in Poland. The adaptation project was divided into several qualitative and quantitative stages spanning April 2013 to December 2014. A total of 200 participants were examined, 99 women and 101 men aged between 18 and 89. We cooperated with six English and Italian translators. The results of our study demonstrated a factorial validity of the tool’s Polish language version relative to both the Italian original and its recent Iranian adaptation, which we used for comparisons with the data obtained in a non-European cultural area. In addition to describing the entire adaptation procedure and presenting its results, we propose that a number of minor but necessary modifications be made in the Polish version, as indicated by our analyses. Following a positive verification and discussion of the Polish adaptation’s convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity, we propose the final Polish version of the adapted questionnaire. Streszczenie W psychologii środowiskowej coraz częściej pojawiają się postulaty ujednolicenia narzędzi do pomiaru subiektywnego odzwierciedlenia jakości środowiska zurbanizowanego. Jednym z takich narzędzi jest powszechnie akceptowany i często cytowany na całym świecie kwestionariusz do pomiaru spostrzeganej przez ludzi jakości środowiska zamieszkania: Perceived Residential Environment Quality & Neighbourhood Attachment (PREQ&NA) autorstwa włoskich badaczy: Ferdinando Fornary, Marino Bonaiuto i Mirilli Bonnes. W tym artykule referujemy wyniki przeprowadzonych przez nas polskich badań adaptacyjnych tego narzędzia. Projekt adaptacyjny był podzielony na kilka jakościowych i ilościowych etapów. Prace badawcze trwały od kwietnia 2013 do grudnia 2014 roku. Przebadaliśmy łącznie 303 osoby - 163 kobiety i 130 mężczyzn, w wieku od 18 do 89 lat. Współpracowaliśmy z sześcioma tłumaczami języka angielskiego i włoskiego. Wyniki ujawniły trafność czynnikową polskiej wersji językowej w stosunku do włoskiego oryginału oraz adaptacji irańskiej, służącej nam jako materiał porównawczy z innego kręgu kulturowego. W tym artykule, poza opisem całej procedury i przedstawieniem wyników adaptacji, zasugerowaliśmy konieczność nieznacznych modyfikacji polskiej wersji PREQ&NA w stosunku włoskiego oryginału, wynikającą z przeprowadzonych przez nas analiz. Zaproponowaliśmy także finalną wersję polskiej wersji kwestionariusza. Pozytywnie zweryfikowaliśmy i omówiliśmy trafność zbieżną, różnicową ","PeriodicalId":295882,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Applied Psychology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122769315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Drives Shopping Mall Attractiveness?","authors":"M. Dębek","doi":"10.1515/pjap-2015-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract My article investigated the drivers of shopping mall attractiveness. Which of various shopping mall qualities are key to building a mall’s attractiveness? This was the fundamental question in the cross-sectional, survey-based correlational study. The participants included 384 adult Poles (192 men and 192 women whose median age was 22). The survey included 58 items – nine to measure the shopping mall’s attractiveness (its emotional impact, cognitive effect and the customer’s visiting frequency), and 49 to measure its hypothetical predictors. The investigated objects were six urban shopping malls in Wroclaw, Poland. It turned out that shopping mall attractiveness was driven mainly by their atmosphere and social positioning. Surprisingly, the more subjectively noisy and crowded the shopping mall was, the more attractive it appeared to be; commerce-related features, on the other hand, while usually treated as vital to a shopping center, contributed relatively little to the mall’s attractiveness.","PeriodicalId":295882,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Applied Psychology","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123374989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships of self-efficacy beliefs to executive functions, hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention in school-aged children","authors":"M. Gambin, Małgorzata Święcicka","doi":"10.1515/pjap-2015-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Executive function deficits, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and inattention can have a negative impact on a child’s self-efficacy beliefs. Forty-eight children with high intensity ADHD symptoms and 56 children with low intensity symptoms in ages 8 to 10 years completed the Self-Efficacy Scale for Children and executive function tests. Rating Scales for Teachers and Parents were completed for each child to measure the ADHD symptoms. ADHD symptoms and executive function deficits were associated with lower self-efficacy beliefs especially in two spheres: academic achievement and self-control. Implications of these findings for child therapy are discussed.","PeriodicalId":295882,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Applied Psychology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123779187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internet usage styles and attitudes toward globalization2","authors":"A. Senejko, Dorota Chmielewska-Łuczak, Zbigniew Łoś","doi":"10.1515/pjap-2015-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Our article discusses the research results aimed at finding relations between Internet usage styles and attitudes toward globalization. The research included 597 people, aged 15 to 39 years, from Poland by using two methods: 1) The World-I Questionnaire (by A. Senejko, Z. Łoś) to diagnose attitudes toward globalization (accepting, critical, fearful); 2) The Internet-Interpersonal Relations Questionnaire (by D. Chmielewska-Łuczak) – diagnoses four categories of Internet usage styles (distanced, frustrated, omnipotent, ambivalent). The research was based on an idiographic analysis focused on the results obtained for the specific people under examination. The results revealed the relationships between the distanced and omnipotent Internet usage styles and the accepting attitude toward globalization; between the frustrated style and the critical attitude; and between the ambivalent style and the fearful attitude toward globalization. The ensuing discussion can be used to increase Internet user awareness that it is necessary to look for a strategy for coping with the challenges posed by the Internet that is best adjusted to a particular individual. The competence in choosing such an appropriate strategy is a valuable asset for any contemporary manager who would like to target his or her offer at a variety of customers representing different Internet usage styles.","PeriodicalId":295882,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Applied Psychology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132104045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}