Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials最新文献

{"title":"In-vitro antibacterial activity of Pterolobium stellatum leaves extract against selected standard bacteria","authors":"Yohannes Tilahun, Teklay Sara, Bizualem Endalkachew, Gebrehiwot Sibhatu","doi":"10.5897/jma2018.0404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jma2018.0404","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional use of herbal medicines implies substantial historical use, and this is certainly true for many products that are available as ‘traditional herbal medicines. The experimental study was conducted between February and May, 2016 at University of Gondar on antibacterial effect of leaf extract of Pterolobium stellatum. The purpose of the present study was to test the antimicrobial effect of P. stellatum extracted leaves against some standard pathogenic bacteria. The collected plant leave sample was extracted with the solvent ethanol, methanol, chloroform and distilled water. Finally, the antibacterial effect of the extract was tested with some bacteria species (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) then the inhibition zone; the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The extract of ethanol and methanol solvents showed high antibacterial activity on both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The higher and statistically significant (P<0.05) inhibition was seen in ethanol extract for all bacteria and the highest inhibition was shown against Shigella spp. (21.33±1.52) whilst the lower inhibition was statistically significant (P<0.05) with chloroform extract. Both the MIC and MBC of the test extract were effective at the lowest concentration.","PeriodicalId":295419,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115813971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolated from vegetables salads and ready to eat raw mixed vegetable salads in Abidjan, Cte dIvoire","authors":"E. Toe, P. Attien, Aboya Jean-Luc Moroh, H. Sina, Désiré Nzébo, Kouamé, O. Kambire, L. Baba-Moussa, N. Guessennd, E. Dako, A. Dadie","doi":"10.5897/jma2021.0449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jma2021.0449","url":null,"abstract":"1 UFR of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry-Genetic, University Peleforo Gon Coulibaly, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire. 2 Biochemistry-Microbiology Department, Agrovalorisation Laboratory, Jean Lorougnon GUEDE University, Daloa, Côte d ́Ivoire. 3 Laboratory Biology and Typing Molecular in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin. 4 UFR of Biotechnologies, Biosciences Laboratory, Félix Houphouët Boigny University Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire. 5 Department of Bacteriology-Virology, National Reference Center for Antibiotics, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. 6 Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Faculty of Health Science and Community Services, University of Moncton, Canada. 7 Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nanguy Abrogoua, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.","PeriodicalId":295419,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129624486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and susceptibility to antibiotics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated from genital samples in Bangui, Central African Republic","authors":"Diamant Mossoro-Kpinde Christian, Dahlia Mossoro-Kpinde Hermione, Clavaire Assana Fabrice, Kouabosso André, Jean Michel Assana Alain, Kobangué Léon, G. Gérard","doi":"10.5897/jma2021.0453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jma2021.0453","url":null,"abstract":"1 Laboratoire du Centre Hospitalier Maman Elisabeth Domitien, Bimbo, Central African Republic. 2 Réseau National des Laboratoires, Laboratoire National de Biologie Clinique et de Santé Publique, Bangui, Central African Republic. 3 Département des Sciences Biomédicales, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Bangui, Central African Republic 4 Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic. 5 Direction de la Médecine du Travail, Direction Générale de la Protection Sociale, Bangui, Central African Republic. 6 Direction du Centre National de Référence des Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles et de la Thérapie Antirétrovirale (CNRISTTAR), Bangui, Central African Republic. 7 Sous-Bureau UNICEF de Bossangoa, Préfecture de l’Ouham, Central African Republic. 8 Service de Dermatologie Vénérologie du Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic.","PeriodicalId":295419,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123537048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological profile of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women in Volta Region, Ghana","authors":"Kofi Ahiatrogah Dzifa, J. Jude, Aurelia Ofori Linda, Awudzi Benedict, Owusu-Ofori Alex, O. Michael, Angelina Sylverken Augustina","doi":"10.5897/jma2021.0448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jma2021.0448","url":null,"abstract":"Asymptomatic bacteriuria can lead to urinary tract infections in as many as 20% of pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy can also lead to preterm births and low birth weights. The objective of this study was to profile uro-pathogens and describe the population-based prevalence, the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, and ascertain the risk factors for asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Ho Teaching Hospital, in Ghana. Urine samples were cultured, isolates identified and antibiotic sensitivity testing was done using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. 46 (13.7%) out of 335 pregnant women had asymptomatic bacteriuria. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas species (26.1%) followed by Escherichia coli (21.7%). All isolates (n=46; 100%) were resistant to Augmentin whereas 87% of the isolates (n=40) were susceptible to Gentamicin. However, most of the isolates were multi-resistant to antibiotic drugs. No education (p=0.019) and first trimester (p=0.046) of pregnancy were risk factors for asymptomatic bacteriuria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent organism isolated. All the uro-pathogens were resistant to Augmentin, while high rates of resistance to Tetracycline, Amikacin, Norfloxacin, and Levofloxacin were observed. The study reveals that asymptomatic bacteriuria was significantly associated with the first trimester of pregnancy and having no education.","PeriodicalId":295419,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials","volume":"133 29","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120850340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of microbiological quality of khebab sold on the campus of a tertiary education and its environs in Ghana","authors":"Azumah Ayamah, A. Sylverken, L. A. Andoh","doi":"10.5897/jma2021.0444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jma2021.0444","url":null,"abstract":"Prevalence and incidence of foodborne illness in developing countries has risen in recent times as a result of increased demand for Ready-To- Eat (RTE) foods. The current study assessed the microbiological quality of khebab sold at selected areas within the Kumasi metropolis. A total of 36 khebab samples were purchased and analyzed for Total Viable Count (TVC), Total Coliforms Count (TCC) and Thermotolerant Coliforms Count (TTC). The results showed that the mean TVC, TCC and TTC in beef khebab at the different locations ranged from 6.91- 7.23 Log10 CFU/g, 7.25-9.23 Log10 MPN/g and 4.97-7.75 Log10 MPN/g respectively. For chevon khebab, it ranged from 6.83-7.25 Log10 CFU/g, 7.98 - 9.23 Log10 MPN/g and 6.61-8.81 Log10 MPN/g respectively. That of gizzard khebab ranged from 6.89-7.30 Log10 CFU/g, 7.98-9.23 Log10 MPN/g and 6.89-7.53 Log10 MPN/g respectively. The mean TVC, TCC and TTC for the beef khebab were not significant (p = 0.680, 0.055 and 0.070) respectively. For the chevon, the TVC and TCC were not significant (p = 0.547 and 0.121) respectively but that of the TTC was significant (p = 0.034). The mean TVC, TCC and TTC of the gizzard were not significant (p = 0.794, 0.056 and 0.822) respectively at the different locations. These mean microbial loads (TVC, TCC and TTC) in the khebab samples exceeded the standard acceptable limits (? 5 Log CFU/g and ? 2 Log10 MPN/g). Since the microbial loads exceeded the standard acceptable limits, it could put consumers at high risk of contracting foodborne infection. This result should prompt the relevant institutions responsible for ensuring food safety in the metropolis to strictly enforce the standard regulations on food safety practices as well as carry out adequate monitoring to avoid possible foodborne infections. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Khebabs, total viable count, total coliforms count, thermotolerant coliforms count.","PeriodicalId":295419,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials","volume":"04 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127186877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio cholera strains in some West African Countries: A Systematic Review","authors":"Eliane Akpo, T. V. Dougnon, Alidéhou Jerrold Agbankpé, H. Bankolé","doi":"10.5897/JMA2020.0440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JMA2020.0440","url":null,"abstract":"Cholera is an epidemic disease and a real public health problem throughout the world, particularly in West Africa. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenicity, epidemiology and Vibrio cholerae strains’s antibiotics resistance in West Africa. A literature review was conducted online in English using the keywords “Cholera”, “Vibrio cholerae” “West Africa”, “Epidemiology”, “Antibiotic resistance”. These keywords were entered into using electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Elsevier and articles were used according to the reliability of their sources, study areas, and subjects. This review was based on the collected data from different databases. One hundred and twenty-three articles were identified. After the initial and final sorting of the collected data in order to eliminate duplicate copies, eighty-three were retained while seventy articles were selected, respectively, for this review. Though some studies had recommended for a system of monitoring cholera in West African countries, nevertheless, there is the need to create more awareness. Furthermore, hygienic practices and environmental wastes management in these countries need to be improved. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cholera, epidemiology, Vibrio cholerae, antibiotic resistance, West Africa.","PeriodicalId":295419,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121246099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological control of black pod disease of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. in vitro and in \u0000the field","authors":"S. Larbi-Koranteng, R. Awuah, F. Kankam","doi":"10.5897/jma2020.0434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jma2020.0434","url":null,"abstract":"Phytopathogenic fungi, Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya continue to be a major threat to cocoa production worldwide. To counter these drawbacks, producers rely heavily on agrochemicals leading to pathogen resistance and environmental hazards. There is also increasing demand by cocoa consumers for pesticide-free seeds. Therefore, biological control through the use of natural microbial antagonists is more rational and safer crop management option. The plant-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, ESI was selected in vitro, among seven other Bacillus species as the most promising, using the zone of inhibition techniques. The B. amyloliquefaciens together with two other laboratory contaminants, Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. were used to control black pod disease of cocoa caused by P. palmivora and P. megakarya on detached cocoa pods and under field conditions. Even though all the eight bacterial isolates inhibited the black pod fungi in vitro, B. amyloliquefaciens, ESI inhibited P. palmivora with the highest inhibition zone of 21.21 mm and P. megakarya with 16.00 mm. The Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. also inhibited P. palmivora with an inhibition zone of 22.41 and 16.81 mm, respectively. Detached cocoa pod areas protected with broth suspensions of the three microbial antagonists and challenged with a zoospore suspension of P. palmivora, completely prevented black pod lesion development. Field pods sprayed with individual microbial broth suspensions and their mixtures and also challenged with a zoospore suspension inoculum, controlled black pod disease with percentage disease control ranging from 53.33-66.67% in the minor season and 40.00-66.67% in the major season. Results clearly show that these antagonists have the potential to be developed as biocontrol agents for the management of black pod disease of cocoa. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Biocontrol agents, pathogenic fungi, microbial antagonists, inoculum, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp.","PeriodicalId":295419,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129880622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in fresh milk and milk products in Nasarawa State, North-Central Nigeria","authors":"A. Yakubu, Obansa Abdullahi Isa, Zaman Whong Clement, Olayinka Olalekan Busayo, Christopher Reuben Rine","doi":"10.5897/JMA2020.0424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JMA2020.0424","url":null,"abstract":"Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) keeps emerging as a pathogen of significant public health concern. In this study, the occurrence and antibiogram of MRSA from fresh milk and milk products sold in Nasarawa State, north-central Nigeria, were determined. A total of 180 samples comprising of fresh milk, bulk milk, nono and kindirmo were collected and examined for the presence of antibiotic-resistant phenotypes of MRSA using standard microbiological procedures and molecular confirmation using species-specific 23S rDNA Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also, the presence of mecA gene was determined from confirmed MRSA strains using PCR. The cumulative occurrence of MRSA as obtained from this study was 5.00% (9/180); with 7.14, 6.06, 4.55 and 2.94% occurrence in bulk milk, nono, kindirmo and fresh milk respectively. With respect to the sampling locations, 2.86, 6.89, 7.14, 3.57, 6.45 and 3.45% occurrence of MRSA were recorded from Nasarawa, Keffi, Akwanga, Wamba, Lafia and Doma local government areas respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the occurrence of MRSA in both the sample types and sampling locations. All the 9 MRSA strains examined showed 100% resistance to ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. This study recorded 5 antibiotic resistance patterns among theMRSA strains with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.3 and above. Only 3 of the 9 MRSA strains isolated harboured mecA gene. This study provides baseline data on the public health risks associated with the consumption of milk products sold in Nasarawa State, Nigeria.  \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Methicillin-resistance, Milk, Nigeria,public health, Staphylococcus aureus.","PeriodicalId":295419,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125793125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria and sterol concentration in hand dug wells cited near pit latrine in Southwestern Nigeria","authors":"A. Ayandele, A. Adewoyin, S. Olatunde","doi":"10.5897/JMA2019.0418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JMA2019.0418","url":null,"abstract":"Provision of safe water and improvement in sanitation has led to a reduction in occurrence of diseases, especially water borne diseases but citing of pit latrine near these wells can be of health concern. Assessment of microbiological quality, feacal sterol concentration and antibiotic resistant pattern of isolated bacteria from hand dug well in Oko, Nigeria were carried out during dry and rainy seasons using standard methods. A total of thirty-one and twenty-nine organisms were isolated during rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The total heterotrophic count of the water samples for dry and rainy seasons ranged from 1.14 to 5.53×105 Cfu/100 mL and 0.54 to 7.06×105 Cfu/100 mL respectively, while total enterobacteriaceae count ranged between 1.18 to 4.62×105 Cfu/100 mL and 4.58 to 14.1×105 Cfu/100 mL during dry and rainy season, respectively. All the isolates showed multiple antibiotics resistant (MAR) to the eleven antibiotics used in this study. U.V spectrophotometric analysis revealed the concentrations of coprostanol to be within the range of 1.654 to 2.676 abs which is an indication of contamination from human feacal sources. There was a significant relationship between the resistant pattern of both Cephalosporin and Penicillin classes of antibiotics, a justification from heavy pollution and possession of multidrug (commonly used antibiotics) resistant organisms of the studied well water samples, these calls for a major concern of public health workers. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Water, antibiotic, resistant, Enterobacteriaceae, sterol.","PeriodicalId":295419,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126255069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of antimicrobial use in diarrhoea management among under-five children in Zomba, Malawi","authors":"Dieckens Binali, J. Musaya, F. Lampiao","doi":"10.5897/jma2019.0416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jma2019.0416","url":null,"abstract":"Diarrhoea is one of the most common infections that under-five children suffer from across the world. Antibiotics remains one of the common measures used to treat the infection, which has led to increased usage; nevertheless, the extent to which an individual is prompted to use antibiotics in managing diarrhoea in the Malawian setting is not clearly known. This study was aimed at establishing the factors that prompt mothers/caregivers to use antibiotics in treating childhood diarrhoea. Women/caregivers with under-five children who suffered from diarrhoea two weeks before the study were recruited for the interviews (n=269). One-on-one interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire and two focus group discussions were carried out to generate qualitative data. Quantitative data was entered in CSPro version 7 and exported to STATA version 12 for analysis. The study established that caregivers use antibiotics in managing diarrhoea due to long distances to the health facility (OR 1.93, 95% CI: 1.03-3.65; P<0.04), unavailability of drugs at the facility (OR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.60-2.10; P<.71), quality of medical care at the health facility (OR 1.11, 95% CI: 0.57-2.15; P<.75) and previous knowledge of the diarrhoea condition (OR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.49-1.66; P<.74). As a result of these findings, Government of Malawi should consider widening access to health facilities to its citizens such that citizens are encouraged to always visit the healthy facilities. Healthy professionals should always encourage caregivers to refrain from engaging in self-medicational behavior as it has devastating effects on increased drug usage which contributes to anti-microbial resistance. \u0000 \u0000   \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Diarrhoea, under five children, anti-microbial, resistance, self-medication, over the counter,  determinants, prescription.","PeriodicalId":295419,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116862168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}