The Journal of Korean Studies最新文献

{"title":"Gender Differences in Daily Time Use: Trends and Educational Differentials","authors":"Hyunjoon Park","doi":"10.1215/07311613-10621421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07311613-10621421","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using time-diary data collected in 1999, 2009, and 2019, this study documents changes over the last two decades in gender differences in time use for five major daily activities—housework, work outside the home, family care, leisure, and self-care, among Korean mothers and fathers with at least one child aged ten to eighteen. Given the rapid expansion of higher education among women, which outpaces the corresponding expansion among men, trends in gender disparities in daily time use provide a litmus test to evaluate progress toward gender equality. In assessing temporal changes in gender disparities in time use, particular attention is paid to potentially heterogeneous trends across mothers and fathers with different levels of education. The trends in both overall and education-specific time allocations reveal some evidence of progress toward more equal time use between mothers and fathers. However, even in 2019 Korean mothers spent much more time on housework but considerably less time on work outside the home. Moreover, the progress toward gender parity in time use has not been even across levels of education: it has been more evident among those with a bachelor’s degree or higher than their counterparts with lower levels of education.","PeriodicalId":294807,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Korean Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136052625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Education, Employment, Family Formation Behaviors, and the Gender Health Gap: A Cross-National Comparison of Korea, the United States, and Finland","authors":"Hyeyoung Woo, Lindsey Wilkinson, Soo-Yeon Yoon","doi":"10.1215/07311613-10625788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07311613-10625788","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite improvements in the social status of women in recent decades, women still tend to report lower levels of health compared to men. This study examines the role of individual factors (i.e., education, employment, and family formation behaviors) and aggregate factors (i.e., gender context, work cultures, and work-family policy) in the association between gender and health using the cases of Korea, the United States, and Finland. The study’s results indicate that women experience lower levels of health than men in Korea and the United States, especially among younger adults, even after accounting for education, employment, and family status. In Finland, however, women do not have lower levels of health than men. Moreover, among older individuals, Finnish women exhibit a health advantage relative to Finnish men. The findings indicate that traditional gender role expectations, long hours at work, and inadequate work-family balance largely account for gender disparities in health in Korea and the United States. Gender egalitarianism at work, reduced work hours, and more family friendly work policies should help reduce such disparities.","PeriodicalId":294807,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Korean Studies","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136052921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Courtesans in Military Uniforms: Martial Spectacles by Cross-Dressing Courtesans of Ŭiju in the Late Chosŏn Period","authors":"Hyun Suk Park","doi":"10.1215/07311613-10625801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07311613-10625801","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the martial spectacles that the courtesans of Ŭiju, a town on the border of Chosŏn and Qing, offered to envoys and government officials of Chosŏn in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Courtesans were deployed in the border towns by the Chosŏn government in order to provide entertainment honoring the envoys. Their performances, however, do not appear to be strictly aligned with their official obligation to glorify royal authority, as they developed into a repertoire of martial spectacles including a sword dance, horseback riding, a pseudomilitary inspection, and a group hunt. The article examines how the courtesans of Ŭiju cultivated their own performance repertoire by appropriating the heterogeneous resources of the local culture, which were often beyond the grasp of the dominant Confucian values, the hierarchies of gender and social status, and the dehumanizing power of state slavery.","PeriodicalId":294807,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Korean Studies","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136054275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Divide, Gender Divide: Gender, Work, and Family in South Korea","authors":"Youngjoo Cha, Seung-kyung Kim","doi":"10.1215/07311613-10621412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07311613-10621412","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract South Korea is celebrated for its rapid economic growth and development, but gender equity is far out of reach in the South Korean economy: women’s labor force participation remains among the lowest, and the gender gap in pay is among the largest among the advanced industrialized countries. What explains this pervasive and persistent gender disparity? In this introductory essay, the authors argue that the social organization of time—specifically, how time is used and valuated—is an important proximate mechanism that creates and reinforces gender inequality in South Korea. Following the logic of gender, which dictates what women and men should do at work and in the family and how hours spent on these domains are compensated economically and culturally, the time divide takes a deeply gendered form and creates unequal economic outcomes between women and men. The authors also argue that the time divide is more consequential in South Korea, relative to other countries, because two cultural forces—work culture emphasizing long work hours and parenting culture emphasizing gender essentialism—both operate at the highest level. At the end of this essay, the authors put forth ideas about how organizational and institutional policies might help to reform this deeply gendered system.","PeriodicalId":294807,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Korean Studies","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136054279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cine-Mobility: Twentieth-Century Transformations in Korea’s Film and Transportation","authors":"Soonyoung Lee","doi":"10.1215/07311613-10682237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07311613-10682237","url":null,"abstract":"In his book Cine-Mobility: Twentieth-Century Transformations in Korea’s Film and Transportation, Hansang Kim argues that the introduction of two modern technologies, cinematographic media and powered transportation, “transformed Korean people’s protocols of sensing the world, constituting hegemonic modes of movement through visual experiences” (1). Kim emphasizes that the intertwining of these two modern technologies has more significance in establishing the scopic regimes of the non-Western world like colonial and postcolonial Korea. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the scopic regimes of visual mobility in Korea, spanning over a century of colonial and postcolonial eras. The scopic regimes entailed forced and induced spectatorship of propaganda, playing a pivotal role in shaping mobilized subjectivities. The act of sensing the world and locating oneself as a subject through cinematic experiences extended beyond mere conformity to power but encompassed alternative possibilities as well. By drawing from a diverse range of sources, this book delves into the modern experiences of Koreans, with a specific focus on the interdependent link between visual mobility, spectatorship, and subjectivization.Using Heidegger’s concept of world-as-picture, according to Kim, in the early 1900s, when Koreans encountered distant landscapes and unfamiliar cultures through films, the visual experience posited the world itself as a picture—a picture that is not a representation of the preexisting world but presents the world itself in front of their eyes. Thus, the world itself was constituted and came to the viewing subjects at the moment of viewing. However, this experience of modern visuality was a coercive process that was coupled with the expansion of colonialism by the military, police, and policy authorities. As revealed in the Japanese government’s nationwide propaganda tours utilizing the railway system, visual knowledge delivered from the outside world on the screen and through mobility present in systems of transportation technology such as trains was inseparably intertwined with the viewing subject.To examine the scopic regimes of visual mobility in colonial and postcolonial Korea formed in this way, Kim analyzes what he identifies as “heteronomous spectatorship and induced spectatorship”—the viewing experience of propaganda films conducted by colonial and postcolonial power. Kim provides his theoretical key concepts such as world-as-picture, world-as-gesture, and cine-mobility based on a phenomenological approach to visual experience: the Heidegger’s aforementioned concept of world-as-picture has a dialectical articulation with world-as-gesture that stresses the “cinematic viewer’s capacity to evade capture by the image, communication, or information and instead, to experience the gestural dimension itself as the world” (5). This concept includes human movements, postures, manners, gestures, and so forth in certain social situations in the mi","PeriodicalId":294807,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Korean Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136054047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linguistic (Im)mobility and the Transformation of Korean Language in Ch’ae Mansik’s Late Colonial Literature","authors":"Mi-Ryong Shim","doi":"10.1215/07311613-10625814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07311613-10625814","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines translingual literary circulations through close readings of Ch’ae Mansik’s Korean-language writings from the early 1940s. While a growing number of recent publications have approached late colonial literature through the lens of transnational movement, the primary focus of this emerging body of scholarship has been the Japanese-language writings of Korean writers. Instead of relegating the Korean language of this time to a position of self-evident immobility, this article shows how colonial writings that were never translated into, nor written in, the imperial language reveal indelible marks of border crossings across distances and languages. Ch’ae’s Korean-language texts resist the linguistic hegemony of the Japanese empire not by refusing change or insisting on linguistic purity but by providing testimony of the various ways the Korean language itself was transformed under the demands of the wartime Japanese empire. Countering the idea that automatically equates translation and other forms of transcultural travel to increased heterogeneity, Ch’ae’s writings also show how the wartime instrumentalization of literature as carriers of meaning across greater geographical and cultural distances led to a stripping down of the existing plurality and materiality of sound within the Korean language.","PeriodicalId":294807,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Korean Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136054276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spirit Power: Politics and Religion in Korea’s American Century","authors":"Sandra H. Park","doi":"10.1215/07311613-10625827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07311613-10625827","url":null,"abstract":"In Spirit Power: Politics and Religion in Korea’s American Century, Heonik Kwon and Jun Hwan Park recount their “magical” encounter with the spirit of Douglas MacArthur. During a shamanic rite (kut) conducted by a shaman interlocutor in Incheon, one of South Korea’s largest cities and home to a displaced form of shamanism from the Hwanghae region that lies in today’s North Korea, the authors extended their greetings to the American general. What followed left the authors momentarily perplexed. MacArthur “suddenly burst into tears and said that he was happy to meet [Kwon and Park], too” (154). Later, the shaman explained to the authors that the general was “‘happy that at long last, some people came and gave him full recognition [as General MacArthur].’” This evocative anecdote, delivered toward the conclusion of the book, lifts up two questions that the authors use to unlock this book’s capacious and innovative inquiry into religious power, on the one hand, and politics in religion, on the other. First, what is MacArthur—not only an American but a controversial figure in ongoing debates over his wartime legacy—doing in a kut? Second, what can MacArthur’s induction into the spirit world of Incheon’s Hwanghae shamanism tell us about the creative efficacy of Korea’s indigenous religious culture?Spirit Power breaks new ground in the established but growing field of religion and the Cold War. By bringing anthropology of religion, notably Im Sukchae’s body of works on Korean shamanism into critical dialogue with Cold War history, Spirit Power invites readers to explore the “possibility that political ideas are embedded in religious forms, even in such seemingly unlikely places as shamanism” (11). The significance of the book’s intervention lies in its centering of shamanism alongside evangelicalism to interrogate “the manifestation of American power” in twentieth-century Korea’s religious sphere. In doing so, Spirit Power rewardingly expands the analytical category of “religion” that has conventionally been interchangeable with (evangelical) Protestant Christianity in studies of the moral and religious dimensions of American power and turns the field to face “a frontier society Asia’s postcolonial Cold War” (5, 9). The introduction thus presents a sociopolitical portrait of Incheon, the book’s principal ethnographic site where the celebrated memory of General MacArthur as a “mighty puritan crusader” who defended Korea’s Christians against godless communists coexists with the general who has “become an effective helper-spirit among the war-displaced performers of Hwanghae shamanism” (8). What follows is a grounding overview of the historiographical, ethnographic, and theoretical discussions to unfold across the six chapters that make up the body of the book.The first chapter, “Religion and the Cold War,” opens a critical discussion of “religion” and “power” at the intersection of Cold War history and the authors’ home discipline of anthropology. Tracing","PeriodicalId":294807,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Korean Studies","volume":"40 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136052922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shadow Labor in Care Services: Why Do South Korean Women Care Workers Work Such Long Hours and Get Paid So Little?","authors":"Joohee Lee","doi":"10.1215/07311613-10621430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/07311613-10621430","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Korea is a country with extremely long working hours and severe gender inequality in the labor market. Based on twenty-nine in-depth interviews with Korean women care workers, this study investigates key mechanisms that reproduce unpaid and unrecognized shadow labor in paid care services. Accordingly, it argues that the presumption that it is mostly Korean men who suffer from working long hours is incorrect. Women workers work long hours, and they often do so without compensation for overtime. They also engage in labor that is not included in their original job description. The Korean labor market supplies an unlimited number of women for cheap labor in the care service sector, meaning the government can depend heavily on private organizations and businesses to meet increasing care needs among the population. Because women care workers could not specify an employer who is responsible for their wages and working conditions, they could not see themselves as employees with basic labor rights. Instead, they take the familiar roles of dutiful daughters and caring mothers, consenting to the very situation that makes them susceptible to severe wage penalties and unrecognized and unappreciated long working hours.","PeriodicalId":294807,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Korean Studies","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136052623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on the representation of professional woman in 1950s Korean Films","authors":"Nayoung Kang","doi":"10.17790/kors.2023.6.85.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17790/kors.2023.6.85.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294807,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Korean Studies","volume":"136 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131334601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achivements and Prospects of Korean Intonation Studies","authors":"Byoung-seob Ahn","doi":"10.17790/kors.2023.6.85.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17790/kors.2023.6.85.59","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294807,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Korean Studies","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131210536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}