{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294653,"journal":{"name":"Social Divisions and Later Life","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127540793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ageing and Gender","authors":"C. Gilleard, P. Higgs","doi":"10.46692/9781447338611.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447338611.004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins by considering the distinction between sex and gender. The latter constitutes the source of the social division between men and women considered as social beings. It serves as both a reflection of division and inequality and a source of difference and identity. The chapter then explores the framing of this division in terms of patriarchy and the inequalities that are organised by and structured within the relations of work and of social reproduction. It focuses next upon the consequences of such a division, first in terms of both financial assets and resources and then in terms of social relational capital, drawing upon Putnam’s distinction between bridging and bonding capital. It then considers other sources of difference that become more salient in later life, in terms of health illness and longevity. The chapter ends with the role of gender in representing later life, and the role of later life in representing gender. It concludes by distinguishing between gender as a structure shaping third age culture, and gender as a constituent in the social imaginary of the fourth age.","PeriodicalId":294653,"journal":{"name":"Social Divisions and Later Life","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132114837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disability and Later Life","authors":"C. Gilleard, P. Higgs","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights the importance of bodily impairment and infirmity in creating social divisions in later life. It begins with a consideration of what constitutes disability and impairment. It examines such distinctions and divisions in the light of the social model of disability and the distinction between ageing with disability and ageing into disability. While the former draws more easily upon the social model, the social identification with disability is more difficult for those whose adult lives have placed them in the position of being able-bodied adults. The confounding of age and disability represents not simply a social divide, but a divide within the person. While policies designed to serve older people as former workers who have become pensioners to some degree protects the financial interests of older disabled people, the absence of community framed by disability risks a greater social exclusion. The rise of policies designed both to encourage older people to be responsible for the success of their own ageing and to more strictly delineate distinctions (and entitlements) between the frail and the non-frail has sharpened this division. The difficulties are highlighted of aligning a social model of disability and the common interests of disabled people with a model based on frailty as an intersectional location fashioned around age disadvantage and disablement.","PeriodicalId":294653,"journal":{"name":"Social Divisions and Later Life","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124715240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294653,"journal":{"name":"Social Divisions and Later Life","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130946209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ageing and gender","authors":"M. Kaczmarek","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.7","url":null,"abstract":"The long-term pattern of demographic changes: declining fertility and mortality rates have resulted in the unprecedented, high rates of population ageing. It is predicted that by the year 2050, 20% of the worldwide population will be 60 years old and older, and the majority of them will be women [5]. The increasing number of elderly people has prompted a considerable interest in their health and well-being conditions. The International Year of Older Persons, declared by the WHO in 1999, was a landmark in the evolution of the research programmes on ageing and policy agenda of public health. Interdisciplinary and inter-sectorial initiatives were fostered, particularly those directed at recognizing the importance of gender differences. Clearly, the findings of numerous studies have revealed some of the constraints imposed by gender stereotyping on each sex. Inequalities between women and men show that women are more likely to receive fewer benefits than men from their access to the mainstream of economic and social life. The solution to this problem lies in improving access of women to resources that might enhance their well-being. A range of health and social policy initiatives has been implemented and achieved a considerable success in creating practical improvements in women’s lives. At present women live longer than men, fertility rates have fallen by one third, maternal mortality rates have been halved and female literacy has increased from 54% of the male rate to 74% [5]. Considering the complex pattern of social and cultural attributes that define what is thought of as masculine and feminine in a given time and place, the objective of this paper is to review a gender picture of the health and well-being of the elderly. THE CONCEPT OF GENDER","PeriodicalId":294653,"journal":{"name":"Social Divisions and Later Life","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125358391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social class and inequality in later life","authors":"C. Gilleard, P. Higgs","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with a consideration of models and theories concerning social class. It focuses upon the distinctions between relational and gradational models of class. It then explores how these different models seem to be articulated in later life and the model of cumulative advantage and disadvantage employed in much social gerontology. Following from such considerations, it explores both the connections and the disjunctions that exists between working and post working life. The chapter concludes with a consideration of how consumption and consumerism have grown in significance as markers of distinction and determinants of difference, not just in later life but throughout the life course.","PeriodicalId":294653,"journal":{"name":"Social Divisions and Later Life","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129072280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diversity, Difference and Division in Later Life","authors":"C. Gilleard, P. Higgs","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.11","url":null,"abstract":"In the concluding chapter of the book, we summarise some of the main issues concerning social divisions and social differences in later life. First we stress the transformation of later life in second modernity, from its categorisation as a residuum, a role-less role, a residuum of a life once lived to a richer and more diverse set of social locations. It is not simply that older people have shifted from being a category of the poor to a subset of the rich. Such representations are both false and misleading. Still they constitute a partial fact, namely that older people have become more diverse and no longer capable of being categorised as a distinct class or community. This transition can be explored in terms both of classical social divisions, like class, gender, disability or ethnicity, as well as through social differences and distinctions realised through the lens of citizenship, consumption and community. We conclude by arguing that examining both divisions and differences, inequalities and identities, in later life enables both a greater understanding of the changing nature of later life and of the changing constitution of division in contemporary society.","PeriodicalId":294653,"journal":{"name":"Social Divisions and Later Life","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128687621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ethnicity, race and migration in later life","authors":"C. Gilleard, P. Higgs","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with a consideration of the differences between ethnicity and race, and the relative salience of these divisions in Europe and North America. In considering race, the legacy of slavery continues to exercise its effects on black-white divisions throughout the life course. The chapter considers two perspectives on this division in later life, that of ‘weathering’ and the accumulation of disadvantage and that of resilience and its accumulation with age. We then go on to contrast the structural inequalities of race with those of ethnicity, arguing that unlike the former the cultural distinction serves to maintain a sense of community and identity as well as imposing a source of limitation. Successive patterns of international migration have created a changing demography of later life. This, we suggest, is creating a set of dilemmas over what constitutes home, an issue that is highlighted by retirement and how and where later life should best be lived.","PeriodicalId":294653,"journal":{"name":"Social Divisions and Later Life","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130922469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"List of figures and tables","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294653,"journal":{"name":"Social Divisions and Later Life","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127677322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Divisions and Social Differences","authors":"C. Gilleard, P. Higgs","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv105bc51.5","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter draws the distinction between social divisions that reflect structural patterns of inequality and social differences that express social identity and the articulation of communities of interest. It then goes on to consider some of the distinct features of such divisions and differences that help define the social locations of later life. These include the impact of the transition from working to post working life, the intersectionality that exists amongst these divisions and the growing salience of the body as both a site and source of division.","PeriodicalId":294653,"journal":{"name":"Social Divisions and Later Life","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114437897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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