History of Medicine/ru最新文献

{"title":"Periodization of the origins of Transbaikal’s health care system","authors":"S. Batoev","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.t6.2.2019.05e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.t6.2.2019.05e","url":null,"abstract":"An attempt has been made to summarize the results of research into the emergence and establishment of the health care system in Transbaikal as a unified organizational and territorial structure. One of the system’s main goals was to provide the region’s population with accessible medical care. According to the author of the article, by overcoming the fragmentation inherent in previous research, it is possible to analyze and reorganize existing materials concerning the emergence, formation and development of the public health system in Transbaikal (from the 18th century to the end of the first quarter of the 20th century). The steps taken to provide medical care to the population on the outskirts of the Russian empire and the formation of the health care system there indicate that all the measures taken in this area followed the policy of the Russian pre-revolutionary government based on the need to solve priority tasks for the development and effective consolidation of the Transbaikal territory within the framework of the country’s unified political, economic and socio-cultural space. The results of objective data analysis, including from archival documents, suggest that the conditions and features of the medical system’s origins in Transbaikal were determined by trade, economic, demographic and military-strategic factors. Periodization, consisting of three stages, of the formation of the health care system in Transbaikal, is provided. The structure of historical and medical research allows us to identify the main trends and to set out each stage’s qualitative characteristics determining the integrity of the foundation process of the health care system in one of the border regions of Russia – Transbaikal.","PeriodicalId":294549,"journal":{"name":"History of Medicine/ru","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126117073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the history of the study of the diet in North-Eastern Siberia: from the paleo diet to Coca-Cola in just 100 years","authors":"D. G. Tikhonov, U. M. Lebedeva, K. Stepanov","doi":"10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.01A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.01A","url":null,"abstract":"The work attempts to reconstruct the chemical composition and energy value of the diet in Yakutia based on data provided by A. Middendorff (1842–1845) and V. Seroshevsky (1896). Our study enabled to establish the daily diet of pastoralists in the first half of the 19th century (prior to the introduction of bread into the diet of this region) and the late 19th century (during the transitional period, which is associated with the introduction of crop farming and an increase in the consumption of flour-based foods). The diet of the affluent segment of the population of Yakutia in the pastoral period (before the second half of the 19th century) can be described as a protein-fat diet, dominated by protein and fat with low carbohydrate content. Fat metabolism is a key element of adaptation in a cold climate. Hence the high-fat content of the diet served as an advantage for adaptation for the pastoralists when settling in North-Eastern Siberia with its extremely cold climate. This circumstance is one of the primary conditions which facilitated extensive expansion of the pastoral population of Yakutia in North-Eastern Siberia in the 17th–19th century. The introduction of crop farming in the region was characterised by a change in the diet of the residents of the region (pine tree sap was replaced with flour-based foods). The reconstruction of the diet showed that during this period, the diet in Yakutia resembled the so-called paleo diet. However, over the past 100 years, the diet in North-Eastern Siberia has drastically changed from a paleo diet to a post-industrial diet, which has affected the health of the population.","PeriodicalId":294549,"journal":{"name":"History of Medicine/ru","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131472009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polish physicians in Harbin (the first half of the 20th century)","authors":"P. Ratmanov, Slawomir Lotysz, J. Czajewski, Polish Harbiners Club","doi":"10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.02B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.02B","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of the activities of Polish physicians in Harbin in the first half of the 20th century was carried out. The study is based on a wide range of Russian and Polish sources and literature. The first Polish physicians came to Manchuria after the beginning of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) construction in 1897. They were both full-time railway doctors, were sent from the European part of Russia to fight the epidemics and then were mobilized to the Russo-Japanese war. In the conditions of national and religious tolerance created in the zone of the CER, the Polish colony of Harbin created a secular cultural and educational organization called “Gospoda Polska” in 1907. Polish doctors played a leading role in the medical-sanitary service of the CER in the prerevolutionary period. They held its key positions: F.A. Jasieński was the chief doctor, and T.I. Nowkuński was the senior doctor of the Central Hospital of the CER. After the revival of an independent Polish state in 1918, a branch of the Polish Red Cross was established in Harbin to provide medical assistance to refugees who became Polish citizens. Doctor T.I. Nowkuński became its chairman. The Polish Red Cross in Harbin organized a free outpatient clinic and a bacteriological laboratory. In 1921–1925, a significant number of the Poles left Harbin for Poland, among whom there were many doctors. Despite the creation of a strong Polish national community (with their schools, churches, etc.), Polish doctors in Manchuria did not separate themselves from other doctors from the Russian Empire. Polish doctors did not create their own medical society in Harbin. They actually headed the leading medical society of Harbin, the Medical Society of the CER Central Hospital. There were no exclusively Polish medical facilities in Harbin in the 1920s; therefore, Polish doctors engaged in medical practice in Manchuria together with their Russian colleagues. After the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932, the flow of Poles from China intensified. Most of the Polish citizens left Harbin after the proclamation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.","PeriodicalId":294549,"journal":{"name":"History of Medicine/ru","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116373392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the history of the use of vaginal pessary in obstetric and gynaecological practice","authors":"Vladimir K. Chelpanov","doi":"10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.04D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.04D","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294549,"journal":{"name":"History of Medicine/ru","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129013105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The institutionalisation of military medical education in Russia in the period from the second half of the 17th century to the 1930s","authors":"I. V. Karpenko","doi":"10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.09I","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.09I","url":null,"abstract":"This article looks at the institutionalisation of military medical education in Russia. The ongoing reforms to Russia’s armed forces have made the history of military medical education highly relevant. The reform process is complicated, and turning to history can help to avoid potentially serious mistakes: studying the experiences of previous generations helps to identify patterns in the development of a particular process. The author examines the institutionalisation of military medical education as a process involving the establishment of its main components: clinical training and the specifically military components of the education received by future military doctors. The article shows that the clinical component was established through the introduction of clinical training, with clinical subjects taught in stages, and an effective system of testing students being put in place. The military component was established through expanding the scope of the military medical subjects taught in the curriculum, and military doctors being given legal status as officers with full authority in terms of the management of the military medical service. When these components had been fully established, in 1936, this meant that the institutionalisation of military medical education in Russia was complete.","PeriodicalId":294549,"journal":{"name":"History of Medicine/ru","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128852415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Galen’s understanding of the digestive system in the context of the commensurability of medical knowledge in different periods","authors":"D. Balalykin","doi":"10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.06F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.06F","url":null,"abstract":"The foundations of ancient rational medicine were laid by Hippocrates, but the credit for rethinking medicine as a comprehensive system of protoscientific knowledge belongs to Galen. Before him, medicine had no unified system of thought on the basic principles of the structure of living things, and no systemic approach to clinical practice, based on the apodictic method. In this article, I examine Galen’s teachings on the digestive system (one of the key aspects of his system) in terms of the “commensurability” of the ideas of ancient medicine and modern science. An analysis of the information in Galen’s works indicates that his system of theory and practice is substantially commensurable with the principles of modern medicine: many aspects of modern theory and practice represent a development of Galen’s ideas. A comparative analysis of Galen’s reconstructed views and those found in modern medicine calls for the use of tools from philosophy and the history of science to enable a correct interpretation of the historical medical texts. Such fundamental concepts include “type of rationality” and “scientific worldview”. This research is based on extant texts by Galen, primarily his two treatises On the Natural Faculties and On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, which may be regarded as fundamental to reconstructing Galen’s views on physiology and anatomy. Galen constructs a comprehensive system rather than simply listing individual facts he knows. The treatises in question underline the comprehensive and systemic nature of the great Roman physician’s arguments, which were to a large extent supported by experiment.","PeriodicalId":294549,"journal":{"name":"History of Medicine/ru","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123398341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of telemedicine in radiodiagnosis in the 1920–1980s","authors":"S. Morozov, A. V. Vladzymyrsky","doi":"10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.03C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.V6.2.2019.03C","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017, amendments to the Federal legislation on health care were adopted, which confirmed the possibility of using telemedicine technologies within the health care system of the Russian Federation. Telemedicine has been successfully used for about 150 years. Since the advent of the first electronic telecommunications, the possibilities for their medical use have been sought. This article systematises information about the history of the use of telecommunications for remote interaction in radiology and presents the way from experiments on facsimile transfer of radiographic images (the 1920–1930s) to the establishment of the teleradiology concept as a tool for solving diagnostic and organisational/managerial problems of radiology (the late 1970s). The first experiments on the remote transmission of photographic copies of X-ray images by telegraph were conducted in the mid-1920s. The first interhospital network for the exchange of medical images was launched in Canada in 1957 – a successful exchange of fluoroscopic images to improve diagnostics took place in Montreal between two hospitals. In the 1940–1960s, under J. Gershon-Cohen’s supervision, several teleradiological networks ensuring the transmission of photographic copies of X-ray images for remote interpretation were launched in the United States. For the first time ever, methodological foundations of teleradiology were formulated as a tool for organising and managing public health care. The term “teleradiology” was introduced by W.S. Andrus and T.K. Bird in 1972. The same researchers carried out the first scientific assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of remote interpretation of the results of radiographic examinations. In the late 1960–1970s, television systems (cable, slow-scan, etc.) were used to broadcast medical images, and their complexity and high cost were hampering the advancement of teleradiology. However, by the early 1980s, it was convincingly shown that teleradiology significantly expanded the capabilities of health care systems, sped up diagnosis and optimised hospital resources and staff time.","PeriodicalId":294549,"journal":{"name":"History of Medicine/ru","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134312288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moscow doctor A.G. Dreytser – author of “The Notes of an Ambulance physician”","authors":"E. D. Dreytser, Fsaei He I.M. Sechenov First Msmu Moh Russia, E. Panova","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.03C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.03C","url":null,"abstract":"We have attempted to present the scientific biography of Alexander Grigorievich Dreytser, the author of “The Notes of an Ambulance physician” – a popular documentary work on the life of Moscow and Muscovites during the Great Patriotic War. We have reconstructed the main points of life and activities of A.G. Dreytser and discovered a number of facts in his biography related to his studying at Strasbourg University (1911–1914) and Imperial Moscow University (1915–1917), participation in the First World War and activities in 1918–1941. The analysis of the materials stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Central State Archive of the City of Moscow, the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, as well as the personal archive of the Dreytser family, allowed us to clarify many points related to Dreytser’s life and activities during the time prior to the creation of The Notes. This article is based upon the results of a comparative analysis of the texts of The Notes and A.G. Dreytser’s Ph.D. dissertation “The Material on the Question of Sudden Death: According to the Data of Morgues, Moscow City Emergency Stations and the Department of Clinical Examination of the Central Polyclinic of the People’s Commissariat for Health of the USSR”. This article considers the hypothesis of the unity of the events that took place in Moscow during the Great Patriotic War and were described in the dissertation and The Notes. More complete historical and biographical data on A.G. Dreytser allowed us to prove the documentary nature of The Notes, expand the scope of known facts about the organisation of medicine during the war and clarify some circumstances of the history of Russian medicine as a whole.","PeriodicalId":294549,"journal":{"name":"History of Medicine/ru","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126536920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charles Bell as an illustrator of military trauma (1809 and 1815)","authors":"N. Krylov, Fsaei He I.M. Sechenov First Msmu Moh Russia, Y. Grigoryan, A. Alekberzade","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.04D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.04D","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses paintings of wounded patients created by Scottish anatomist, neurologist, practicing surgeon and artist Charles Bell – graphic sketches in travel sketchbooks, paintings (1809) and watercolours (1815). His works provide a representation of the structure of wounds suffered during battle. The article compares 15 paintings from “The Wounded following the Battle of Corunna” series, (on display in the hall of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh) and 17 watercolours from the collection of Тhe Wellcome Library from the [Royal] Army Medical Services Museum. The authors stress that both the sketches and the paintings derived from sketches from Bell’s early work were rudimentary and unsophisticated compared to later watercolours of the wounded during the Battle of Waterloo. Most of the paintings from 1815 are dated and accompanied by comments, detailing not only the circumstances and nature of the wounds, but the name (or surname) of the patient, place of treatment, arm of service, regiment number, as well as a brief excerpt of the medical record, as well as the fate of many of the patients who had undergone surgical treatment. These works provide an insight into not only Bell’s work as a surgeon, but how his artistic style developed as well. The visual artefacts and details on the paintings are laconic, yet expressive. The eyes of the wounded soldiers convey an indescribable mixture of the joy of surviving battle, the fear of the irretrievability of physical loss incurred, incessant pain of the wound, its chilling inevitability and submission before its power, moral exhaustion, the after-effects of hypovolemic shock, agony from the impending or completed treatment, anxiety and fear of death. Familiarisation with Bell’s paintings when training students of general surgery and the history of medicine acquires didactic significance, while the raising of awareness and provision of accessibility for the general public play a crucial role in understanding the true realities of war and sympathy for its victims.","PeriodicalId":294549,"journal":{"name":"History of Medicine/ru","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128329112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The formation of the elements of school health supervision in the Ryazan province in the period from 1864 to 1890","authors":"O. Belova, N. Shchetinina","doi":"10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.01A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17720/2409-5583.V6.1.2019.01A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294549,"journal":{"name":"History of Medicine/ru","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125892756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}