Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum最新文献

Assessment of a Multimodal Cueing Set for Maintaining Aviators' Situational Awareness in a Degraded Visual Environment 在退化视觉环境下维持飞行员态势感知的多模态线索集评估

Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.4050/f-0076-2020-16424

Kathryn A. Feltman, Aaron Mcatee, G. Hartnett, Martine Godfroy-Cooper, J. Miller

引用次数: 0

Recent Developments of the Arrayed Controlled Turn-less Structures (ACTS) Motor 阵列控制无匝结构(ACTS)电机的最新进展

Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.4050/f-0076-2020-16332

O. Zucker, Carl Demolder, T. Le

{"title":"Recent Developments of the Arrayed Controlled Turn-less Structures (ACTS) Motor","authors":"O. Zucker, Carl Demolder, T. Le","doi":"10.4050/f-0076-2020-16332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16332","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper discusses the application of the Array Controlled Turn-less Structures (ACTS) motor for VTOL application. The motor enhances the three main competing characteristics of electric motors; namely specific power, efficiency and reliability. The motor arrays an ensemble of elemental turn-less motors which include turn-less elements each with their dedicated inverters which are operated in synchronism. The resulting small pole size enhances the power density, the enhanced conductor packing enhances the efficiency, and the massive parallelism enhance the reliability. \u0000\u0000Vertical takeoff requires much higher thrust compared to wing assisted takeoff. With limited on-board power, this higher thrust is presently provided by in ordinary larger propulsion disk area which reduces the craft aerodynamics, and the cruising Lift-to-Drag (L/D) ratio and accordingly the flight efficiency and range. \u0000\u0000The high specific power of the ACTS motor allows for a different scenario and thus craft architecture. By substantially increasing the takeoff power which is now possible with the higher specific power of the ACTS motor, the propulsion disk area can be substantially reduced, with the resulting greater streamlined, high L/D craft, and thus longer range. \u0000\u0000The paper discusses key aspect of the motor and inverter architecture and technology. Furthermore, it discusses its application to a high L/D VTOL and prospective performance.\u0000","PeriodicalId":293921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126101737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identifying Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendencies in Advanced Fly-by-Wire Rotorcraft 先进电传旋翼机飞行员诱导振荡倾向识别

Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.4050/f-0076-2020-16397

D. Klyde, P. Schulze, D. Mitchell, W. Geyer, John Holder, John O'Connor, J. Tritschler, Usntps

{"title":"Identifying Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendencies in Advanced Fly-by-Wire Rotorcraft","authors":"D. Klyde, P. Schulze, D. Mitchell, W. Geyer, John Holder, John O'Connor, J. Tritschler, Usntps","doi":"10.4050/f-0076-2020-16397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16397","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In application, the Aeronautical Design Standard for the handling qualities of military rotorcraft, ADS-33E-PRF, provides the means to effectively predict rotorcraft handling qualities via validated criteria and demonstrate actual handling qualities in flight test using mission task elements. Besides a definition, a note that rotorcraft shall have no tendencies, and a note regarding Attitude Command Response-Types and gain bandwidth frequency, the topic of pilotinduced oscillations (PIO) is not addressed via specific criteria or flight test techniques. As the use of full authority fly-by-wire flight control continues to expand in Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) aircraft, the likelihood of encountering PIO will also expand. In the fixed wing world where PIO has been commonplace, at least in developmental test if not operations, predictive analytical methods that can also be used for detection of PIO in realtime have been developed, which can also be applied to rotorcraft. Furthermore, recent time-frequency domain methods that have been developed to differentiate VTOL piloting techniques are directly applicable to PIO scenarios. Using a flight test database generated with the UH-60L in-flight simulators at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School (USNTPS), this paper explores the utility of these methods for identifying rotorcraft PIO tendencies.\u0000","PeriodicalId":293921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126758689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integration of VTOL Air-taxis into an Existing Infrastructure with the Use of the Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE) Concept CUBE

Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.4050/f-0076-2020-16358

Nicolas Jäckel, M. Grotenrath, P. Orth, R. Schaller, Maximiliano Fischer, J. Andert, C. Granrath

{"title":"Integration of VTOL Air-taxis into an Existing Infrastructure with the Use of the Model-Based System Engineering (MBSE) Concept CUBE","authors":"Nicolas Jäckel, M. Grotenrath, P. Orth, R. Schaller, Maximiliano Fischer, J. Andert, C. Granrath","doi":"10.4050/f-0076-2020-16358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16358","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One major problem of big cities is the congested traffic situation and the noise pollution generated by the traffic participants, i.e., cars, busses, and trams. Those ground-bound transport systems are already reaching their limits. The use of aerial taxi services has the potential to use the third, vertical dimension. Vertical take-off and landing systems, shortened to VTOL systems, possibly autonomous and electrified, with low noise emission and little ground space requirements are preferred. Applying an MBSE-based approach like our methodology called 'Compositional Unified system-Based Engineering', in short CUBE, enables to control the complexity of the challenge to develop appropriate VTOLs. This methodology has already proven itself in the automotive industry and its system development processes. In this paper the CUBE methodology will be transferred to the aerospace system development process to demonstrate its general usability. The fully systematical and model-based description of the System of Systems (SoS, meaning urban infrastructure here) is used to condense the requirements for the System of Interest (SoI, meaning VTOL) regarding many possibilities and limitations. This concept is a promising approach to create system-based and model-based specifications of requirements for the VTOL systems, which later shall operate seamlessly as part of the SoS.\u0000","PeriodicalId":293921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126759841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Multisensory Cueing to Resolve Helicopter Drift Detection in DVE 多感官线索解决直升机漂移检测在DVE

Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.4050/f-0076-2020-16416

A. Rupert, Drip, J. C. Brill, B. McGrath, Bruce J. P. Mortimer

{"title":"Multisensory Cueing to Resolve Helicopter Drift Detection in DVE","authors":"A. Rupert, Drip, J. C. Brill, B. McGrath, Bruce J. P. Mortimer","doi":"10.4050/f-0076-2020-16416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16416","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Spatial Disorientation (SD) mishaps account for the greatest loss of lives in both military and civilian aviation worldwide. When no mechanical cause of a mishap is identified, mishap investigators can use flight data recorder information to populate perceptual models with aircraft flight parameters in order to confirm or deny that pilot SD was the probable cause of the mishap. Current perceptual model weaknesses include the inability to analyze hover and hover-transition mishaps and not accounting for sensory inputs from the auditory and somatosensory systems. The authors have conducted in-flight helicopter perceptual threshold studies to extend the model envelop to include hover as well as a series of tactile cueing in-flight studies in fixed-wing aircraft to permit the inclusion of somatosensory information into the model. This expanded model, by including all sensory modalities, now provides a probable solution to prevention of SD mishaps by continuously maintaining spatial orientation via multisensory cueing. Examples of application of the model to recent high-profile mishaps are included. \u0000","PeriodicalId":293921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114955111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

A Life-Cycle Economic Study of eVTOL Air Taxi Service in the U.S. North-East Region 美国东北地区eVTOL空中出租车服务的生命周期经济研究

Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.4050/f-0076-2020-16410

Nate Sirirojvisuth, PricewaterhouseCoopers Llc, Cedric Y. Justin, Simon Briceno, Jaunt Air Mobility

{"title":"A Life-Cycle Economic Study of eVTOL Air Taxi Service in the U.S. North-East Region","authors":"Nate Sirirojvisuth, PricewaterhouseCoopers Llc, Cedric Y. Justin, Simon Briceno, Jaunt Air Mobility","doi":"10.4050/f-0076-2020-16410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16410","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Urban/Advanced Air Mobility (UAM/AAM) transportation concept has been studied and shown to offer advantages in travel time-savings to individuals over the automobile, mass transit, and in many cases, commercial air transport alternatives. This paper presents a study of this new market using a parametric approach that accounts for the performance of Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, takeoff and landing infrastructure (vertiports), and the demand for ridership given a ticket price and time saved. One of the key mode choice drivers in switching from existing transportation options to an AAM service is the value gained in saving time, which is also tightly correlated with people's income level. The analysis framework can facilitate market feasibility analysis by considering various scenarios and constraints. The results suggest that near-term profitability is possible even though vertiport throughput capacities are limited by existing footprint and operational constraints. Vertiport expansion can increase throughput and demand up to a point of maximum aircraft utilization. This new limit is due in part to ground turnaround time and battery charging requirements. Improvement in battery charging rates or implementing battery swap strategies could dramatically improve profitability while maximizing vehicle utilization. As operations increase to hundreds of flights at certain vertiports, local airspace congestion and aircraft vertiport mobility become the next bottleneck.\u0000","PeriodicalId":293921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115077278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Investigation of Near Ground Effects in Hover Flight for the Multi-Rotor Aircraft Volocopter-2X 多旋翼飞机Volocopter-2X悬停近地效应研究

Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.4050/f-0076-2020-16409

Sebastian Miesner, M. Keßler, E. Krämer, Ulrich Schäferlein

{"title":"Investigation of Near Ground Effects in Hover Flight for the Multi-Rotor Aircraft Volocopter-2X","authors":"Sebastian Miesner, M. Keßler, E. Krämer, Ulrich Schäferlein","doi":"10.4050/f-0076-2020-16409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16409","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 High-fidelity CFD simulations of hovering flights of the multi-rotor Volocopter 2X (VC2X) aircraft with three different heights above the ground and an out of ground reference case are presented. The tool chain applied consists of the CFD solver FLOWer, which is loosely coupled to the flight mechanic tool VFAST. For all simulations an adequate representation of the flight mechanics is of crucial importance since the high number of trim degrees of freedom of the VC2X has a significant influence on the flight physics. A short introduction and validation of VFAST is carried out, which shows that VFAST already provides valuable stand-alone results for the considered flight envelope. The in ground and out of ground CFD simulations showed a highly complex flow field for the VC2X. With increasing ground proximity the number of vortex structures induced by the ground increases and the rotor wake is characterized by strong fluctuations. Basic rotorcraft in ground effect phenomena, like a high-pressure area below the rotor plane and aircraft power reduction are observed for low flight heights. The decreased power requirement is mainly traced back to a decrease of the airframe download. The system figure of merit for all three in ground cases merely changes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":293921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122431278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Cheeseman Award Paper: Integration and Test of a Degraded Visual Environment System on H145 Cheeseman奖论文:H145上退化视觉环境系统的集成与测试

Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.4050/f-0076-2020-16432

T. Waanders, B. Singer, Maya Shpak, Frank Roth, Dennis Fadljevic, Jürgen Plorin, Omer Hasharoni, Avishay Limonad

{"title":"Cheeseman Award Paper: Integration and Test of a Degraded Visual Environment System on H145","authors":"T. Waanders, B. Singer, Maya Shpak, Frank Roth, Dennis Fadljevic, Jürgen Plorin, Omer Hasharoni, Avishay Limonad","doi":"10.4050/f-0076-2020-16432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16432","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper reports on the integration, test and evaluation of a Degraded Visual Environment (DVE) system installed on an Airbus H145 (BK117 D-2) civil certified helicopter. The DVE system consists of a LiDAR sensor, an EVS camera and a head-tracked helmet mounted display system (HMD) integrated into the onboard HELIONIX® digital avionics suite. The DVE system combines sensor enhanced and synthetic elements of the external scene and provides an accurate representation of the real world for visual reference and safe manoeuvring in DVE. All systems were prototypically integrated into the H145 demonstrator in a serial-like manner, allowing for a potential serialization of the system. Extensive flight trials were conducted focusing on military as well as on civil HEMS missions and were used to verify the intended function and evaluate installed DVE system performance. \u0000The activities described herein are partially performed in the frame of a research project supported by the German Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw). Between November 2018 and March 2019 the system was successfully deployed in both ground and flight tests.\u0000","PeriodicalId":293921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122689777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Manned-Unmanned Teaming Challenges in the Maritime Environment 海洋环境下的有人-无人组队挑战

Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.4050/f-0076-2020-16314

J. Banas, T. Mehling, T. Paul, Andreas Cords

{"title":"Manned-Unmanned Teaming Challenges in the Maritime Environment","authors":"J. Banas, T. Mehling, T. Paul, Andreas Cords","doi":"10.4050/f-0076-2020-16314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16314","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When properly implemented, Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) allows for an optimized blending of high-value, manned airborne vehicles with expendable, relatively inexpensive unmanned resources within a coordinated mission. This enables human operators and crew to focus on the most sensitive and complex mission tasks, while limiting their usage and exposure to dangerous environments. The sensor and communication capabilities of even simple unmanned vehicles can enhance the situational awareness and reach of manned vehicle crews; however, controlling, monitoring, and avoiding collisions with these additional vehicles can also quickly increase crew workload in an already overtaxed environment. This paper discusses the challenges associated with bringing MUM-T operations into the maritime environment and offers suggestions for modifications to the teaming structure, operations, and equipment in this setting. The experimental setup and results from the German Army Aviation's MUM-T program1 are compared to maritime requirements and available assets, based on interviews with professional maritime test pilots and relevant operator publications. Expected roles for UAVs in maritime MUM-T operations would include intelligence-gathering, BLOS target designating, and relaying communications. Results of prior research and testing suggest that maritime crews will see little benefit today from MUM-T operations, given their current capabilities and technologies. More sophisticated displays for manned assets, advanced autonomy and robustness for unmanned assets, modified CONOPS, and improved long-range communication methods would be necessary for proper resource management in maritime missions. In particular, teams should require task-based UAV control, weather-proofed and reliable autonomous vehicles, and TLD datalink systems (such as Link 16).\u0000","PeriodicalId":293921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122993848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Performance of Recent Large-angle Extensions to Classical Simulator Washout Algorithms 经典模拟器洗出算法的大角度扩展

Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.4050/f-0076-2020-16299

R. Langlois, J. Hayes, R. Irani, Mikayla Micomonaco

{"title":"Performance of Recent Large-angle Extensions to Classical Simulator Washout Algorithms","authors":"R. Langlois, J. Hayes, R. Irani, Mikayla Micomonaco","doi":"10.4050/f-0076-2020-16299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16299","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Washout algorithms are typically used in flight simulator motion control software to give the pilots flying the simulator the impression that they are experiencing an unlimited range of motion when the Gough-Stewart hexapod providing the motion cues has a comparably very small motion envelope. Since hexapods have generally been adopted by the motion simulator industry and the washout algorithms developed in the 1970s have performed extremely well at giving pilots a very high fidelity training experience despite the very small angular workspace of the motion platforms, research in the area generally came to a halt in the 1980s. We have succeeded in development of the Atlas motion platform which possesses an unbounded orientation workspace that is singularity free, hence we have the need to revisit washout algorithm development to take advantage of the unlimited orientation workspace. In this paper, after a brief review of existing approaches, we outline the development of our unlimited angular washout. Several benchmark cases are presented for two aircraft having very different flight characteristics: a Cessna 172 and a Columbia 400. Additionally, a quantitative comparison of small, large, and unlimited angular washout algorithm performance is reported.\u0000","PeriodicalId":293921,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121168007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0