{"title":"The Defense of Arcadia in 370","authors":"David A. Blome","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747526.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747526.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter studies the Defense of Arcadia in 370. During the summer of 370, the Arcadians formed a formal koinon known as the Arcadian League. At the very interface of the transition from ethnos to koinon, the Arcadians had to face a Spartan-led invasion that threatened the existence of their nascent league. The Arcadians' response to this invasion—the Defense of Arcadia—was the first collective action of the Arcadian League documented in a contemporary source. But past scholarship has virtually ignored the dynamics and greater significance of this encounter, leaving a series of questions open for investigation. Was it the case that the founding of a formal league finally enabled widespread collective action in Arcadia? Was the organized force of Arcadians opposing the Spartan invasion of 370 a federal army? The chapter seeks to answer these questions by reconstructing the intricacies of the Arcadians' defense. Such an approach reveals that the Arcadians enacted a sophisticated defensive strategy that existed before the invasion of 370. This strategy made use of the basic infrastructure of the region, exploited a number of geographical and tactical advantages, and relied on the cooperation of civilian populations to observe, control, menace, attack, and ultimately drive off the invading army.","PeriodicalId":290717,"journal":{"name":"Greek Warfare beyond the Polis","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125568142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preface: The Iliad in Iraq","authors":"David A. Blome","doi":"10.7591/9781501747625-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501747625-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":290717,"journal":{"name":"Greek Warfare beyond the Polis","volume":"234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116908751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2. The Aetolian Rout of the Athenians in 426","authors":"David A. Blome","doi":"10.7591/9781501747625-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501747625-004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the Aetolian Rout of the Athenians in 426. In stark contrast to the prevailing practices of their day, the Aetolians developed a sophisticated way of war that complemented, and was not determined by, the advantages of their physical environment. Collectively, the Aetolians recognized potential large-scale threats and made arrangements to protect themselves, and they did this not as a formal koinon, or federal state, but as an ethnos. Jakob Larsen, a key figure in the study of Greek federal states, concluded that the fifth-century Aetolian ethnos must have constituted some sort of political entity, which he called a “tribal state.” The chapter then considers how the Ophionians, Apodotians, and Eurytanians made a commitment to defend each other and formulated a plan as to how they would do so. These three groups even sent representative embassies abroad, suggesting that the Aetolian ethnos also had something along the lines of a foreign policy. From this it would follow that the fifth-century Aetolians had developed some form of government for deciding on issues that impinged on the entire ethnos. Evidently, though, this loose confederation did not require a formal constitution or even standing institutions or offices to function.","PeriodicalId":290717,"journal":{"name":"Greek Warfare beyond the Polis","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126732583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Phocian Chalk Raid of the Thessalian Camp Circa 490","authors":"David A. Blome","doi":"10.7591/9781501747625-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501747625-003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the Phocian Chalk Raid of the Thessalian camp circa 490, the most illustrative example of the Phocians' collective capabilities during the late Archaic and early classical periods. Studying the accounts of Herodotus, Pausanias, and Polyaenus, it reconstructs a historiographically marginalized, violent encounter that involved some of the most unusual military tactics ever employed between Greeks. Indeed, the encounter defies virtually every established convention of classical Greek warfare. The Phocians' defensive strategy reflects a sound understanding of the potential threats that surrounded their ethnos. Ultimately, the defense of circa 490 illustrates that even without a formal federal structure, the Phocians still constituted a well-organized and effective political entity. Since an ethnic affiliation, common coinage, and a common meeting place distinguished later koina (federal states), the possibility remains that a federal state existed in Phocis during the time in question. But the point is that there did not need to be a formal federal state in Phocis for an effective defense.","PeriodicalId":290717,"journal":{"name":"Greek Warfare beyond the Polis","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121472272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3. The Defense of Acarnania in 389","authors":"David A. Blome","doi":"10.7591/9781501747625-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501747625-005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":290717,"journal":{"name":"Greek Warfare beyond the Polis","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124903742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"David A. Blome","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747526.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747526.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter identifies the similarities and differences in the defensive activities of the Phocians, Aetolians, Acarnanians, and Arcadians circa 490–362. The tactics of the four ethnos, the potential threats to each ethnos, and the amount of foreign involvement in each defense provide sources of variation. Despite all of this variety, a common theme cuts across the four cases that reveals an underlying unity to the defense of Greek upland ethnē. Each of the four ethnos developed peculiar defensive strategies tailored to their respective geopolitical circumstances that guarded against potential invasions from the lowlands. Their methods and aims may have been different, but the calculation, coordination, and sophistication on display in the four cases show that these upland Greeks recognized the potential threats that surrounded them and had planned accordingly. The chapter then explains how the defensive strategies of the four ethnos differed from that of the polis-centric realm. It also explores the military roots of ancient federal states.","PeriodicalId":290717,"journal":{"name":"Greek Warfare beyond the Polis","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121561654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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