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A Representational Reconstruction of Carnap's Quasianalysis 卡尔纳普拟分析的再现性重构
PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193015
T. Mormann
{"title":"A Representational Reconstruction of Carnap's Quasianalysis","authors":"T. Mormann","doi":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193015","url":null,"abstract":"According to general wisdom, Carnap's quasianalysis is an ingenious but definitively flawed approach to epistemology and philosophy of science. I argue that this assessment is mistaken. Rather, Carnapian quasianalysis can be reconstructed as a special case of a general theory of structural representation. This enables us to exploit some interesting analogies of quasianalysis with the representational theory of measurement. It is shown how Goodman's well-known objections against the quasianalytical approach may be defused in the new framework. As an application, I sketch how the thesis of empirical underdetermination of theories may be elucidated in the framework of quasianalysis.","PeriodicalId":288090,"journal":{"name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117011548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Optimization in Evolutionary Ecology 进化生态学中的优化
PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193007
R. C. Richardson
{"title":"Optimization in Evolutionary Ecology","authors":"R. C. Richardson","doi":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193007","url":null,"abstract":"Optimization models treat natural selection as a process tending to produce maximal adaptedness to the environment, measured on some \"criterion scale\" defining the optimal phenotype. These models are descriptively adequate if they describe the outcomes of evolutionary processes. They are dynamically adequate if the variables which describe the outcomes also are responsible for those evolutionary outcomes. Optimality models can be descriptively adequate, but dynamically unrealistic. Relying on cases from evolutionary ecology, I provide reasons to question the dynamic adequacy of optimality models, and offer reasons for distinguishing, at least at a theoretical level, between satisficing and optimizing.","PeriodicalId":288090,"journal":{"name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116889903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Of Nulls and Norms 零和范数
PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033
P. Godfrey‐Smith
{"title":"Of Nulls and Norms","authors":"P. Godfrey‐Smith","doi":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193033","url":null,"abstract":"Neyman-Pearson methods in statistics distinguish between Type I and Type II errors. Through rigid control of Type I error, the \"null\" hypothesis typically receives the benefit of the doubt. I compare philosophers' interpretations of this feature of Neyman-Pearson tests with interpretations given in statistics textbooks. The pragmatic view of the tests advocated by Neyman, largely rejected by philosophers, lives on in many textbooks. Birnbaum thought the pragmatic view has a useful \"heuristic\" role in understanding testing. I suggest that it may have the opposite effect.","PeriodicalId":288090,"journal":{"name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126786232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Has Chemistry Been at Least Approximately Reduced to Quantum Mechanics? 化学至少近似地被简化为量子力学了吗?
PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193021
Eric R. Scerri
{"title":"Has Chemistry Been at Least Approximately Reduced to Quantum Mechanics?","authors":"Eric R. Scerri","doi":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193021","url":null,"abstract":"Differing views on reduction are briefly reviewed and a suggestion is made for a working definition of 'approximate reduction'. Ab initio studies in quantum chemistry are then considered, including the issues of convergence and error bounds. This includes an examination of the classic studies on CH2 and the recent work on the Si2C molecule. I conclude that chemistry has not even been approximately reduced.","PeriodicalId":288090,"journal":{"name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127197648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 86
Realism, Convergence, and Additivity 现实主义、收敛性和可加性
PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193023
Cory Juhl, Kevin T. Kelly
{"title":"Realism, Convergence, and Additivity","authors":"Cory Juhl, Kevin T. Kelly","doi":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193023","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we argue for the centrality of countable additivity to realist claims about the convergence of science to the truth. In particular, we show how classical sceptical arguments can be revived when countable additivity is dropped.","PeriodicalId":288090,"journal":{"name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126160430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Methodological Judgment and Critical Reasoning in Galileo's Dialogue 伽利略对话录中的方法论判断与批判推理
PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.2.192934
M. Finocchiaro
{"title":"Methodological Judgment and Critical Reasoning in Galileo's Dialogue","authors":"M. Finocchiaro","doi":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.2.192934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.2.192934","url":null,"abstract":"Galileo's Dialogue (1632) can be read from the viewpoints of methodological judgment and critical reasoning; methodological judgment means the avoidance of onesidedness and extremes; and critical reasoning means reasoning aimed at the analysis and evaluation of arguments. Classic sources for these readings are Thomas Salusbury (1661) and the Port-Royal logicians (1662). This focus does not deny the book's scientific, historical, rhetorical, and aesthetic dimensions; it is critical of excessively rhetorical readings; and it suggests solutions to the problems of hermeneutical pluralism, interpretation versus evaluation, and theory versus practice. The book's methodological judgment and critical reasoning can be shown to correspond to Galileo's self-reflections.","PeriodicalId":288090,"journal":{"name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","volume":"1994 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130990577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Could Theoretical Entities Save Realism? 理论实体能拯救现实主义吗?
PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193022
Mohamed Elsamahi
{"title":"Could Theoretical Entities Save Realism?","authors":"Mohamed Elsamahi","doi":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193022","url":null,"abstract":"Hacking and other entity realists suggest a strategy to build scientific realism on a stronger foundation than inference to the best explanation. They argue that if beliefs in the existence of theoretical entities are derived from experimentation rather than theories, they can escape the antirealist's criticism and provide a stronger ground for realism. In this paper, an outline and a critique of entity realism are presented. It will be argued that entity realism cannot stand as a separate position from classical realism. Thus, entity realism cannot avoid the problems facing classical realism..","PeriodicalId":288090,"journal":{"name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132268935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Explaining Brute Facts 解释残酷的事实
PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193011
E. Barnes
{"title":"Explaining Brute Facts","authors":"E. Barnes","doi":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193011","url":null,"abstract":"I aim to show that one way of testing the mettle of a theory of scientific explanation is to inquire what that theory entails about the status of brute facts. Here I consider the nature of brute facts, and survey several contemporary accounts of explanation vis a vis this subject (the Friedman-Kitcher theory of explanatory unification, Humphreys' causal theory of explanation, and Lipton's notion of 'explanatory loveliness'). One problem with these accounts is that they seem to entail that brute facts represent a gap in scientific understanding. I argue that brute facts are non-mysterious and indeed are even explainable by the lights of Salmon's ontic conception of explanation (which I endorse here). The plausibility of various models of explanation, I suggest, depends to some extent on the tendency of their proponents to focus on certain examples of explananda - I ponder brute facts qua explananda here as a way of helping us to recognize this dependency.","PeriodicalId":288090,"journal":{"name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125123081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
What is Psychophysics? 什么是心理物理学?
PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.2.192916
Lawrence A. Shapiro
{"title":"What is Psychophysics?","authors":"Lawrence A. Shapiro","doi":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.2.192916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.2.192916","url":null,"abstract":"Since the founding of psychophysics in the latter half of the nineteenth century, controversy has raged over the subject matter of psychophysical laws. Originally, Fechner characterized psycho physics as the science describing the relation between physical magnitudes and the sensations these magnitudes produce in us. Today many psycho-physicists would deny that sensation is or could be a topic of psycho-physical investigation. I consider Savage's (1970) influential objections to the possibility of such an investigation and argue that they depend upon (i) holding psychophysics to higher standards than those to which we hold other sciences; and (ii) misrepresenting Fechner's stated goals for psychophysics.","PeriodicalId":288090,"journal":{"name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116912306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
The New Experimentalism, Topical Hypotheses, and Learning from Error 新实验主义，局部假设，从错误中学习
PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193032
D. Mayo
{"title":"The New Experimentalism, Topical Hypotheses, and Learning from Error","authors":"D. Mayo","doi":"10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193032","url":null,"abstract":"An important theme to have emerged from the new experimentalist movement is that much of actual scientific practice deals not with appraising full-blown theories but with the manifold local tasks required to arrive at data, distinguish fact from artifact, and estimate backgrounds. Still, no program for working out a philosophy of experiment based on this recognition has been demarcated. I suggest why the new experimentalism has come up short, and propose a remedy appealing to the practice of standard error statistics. I illustrate a portion of my proposal using Galison's (1987) experimental narrative on neutral currents.","PeriodicalId":288090,"journal":{"name":"PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120958632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 23
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