M. Mumane, H. Kapteyn, J. Bokor, W. Mansfield, R. Gnall, E. Glytsis, T. Gaylord, R. Falcone
{"title":"Efficient Coupling of High-Intensity Sub-Picosecond Laser Pulses into Solid Grating Targets","authors":"M. Mumane, H. Kapteyn, J. Bokor, W. Mansfield, R. Gnall, E. Glytsis, T. Gaylord, R. Falcone","doi":"10.1364/swcr.1991.tue1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.tue1","url":null,"abstract":"We have experimentally observed very efficient laser-solid coupling of high-intensity (1016Wcm–2) sub-picosecond (150 fsec) laser pulses into grating targets.1 This behavior is in contrast to the very high reflectivities observed from flat targets,2 where we have recently extended our measurements of normal-incidence flat-target reflectivities up to incident intensities exceeding 1016 W cm–2. The average flat target reflectivity observed was 86% - the peak reflectivity at the center of the focal spot and peak of the laser is therefore ≥ 90%. This data is shown in Fig. 1.","PeriodicalId":286766,"journal":{"name":"Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126515354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Ceglio, A. Hawryluk, D. Gaines, R. London, L. Seppala
{"title":"Broadband Diffractive Optics*","authors":"N. Ceglio, A. Hawryluk, D. Gaines, R. London, L. Seppala","doi":"10.1364/swcr.1991.tue4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.tue4","url":null,"abstract":"In many regions of the EM spectrum refractive lenses are not practical, so that diffractive lenses are all that are available for high resolution focussing or imaging. For example, Fresnel structures (eg. zone plates) have demonstrated diffraction limited imaging at soft x-ray wavelengths, but only for narrowband illumination (Δλ <λO/N, where N = # of zones). There have been various attempts to design diffractive lens doublets or triplets to correct for and/or reduce the chromatic aberrations associated with diffractive optics. These approaches generally involve two or more diffractive elements separated by a finite distance. As such, they represent a \"lens system\" instead of compact, broadband lens, and they suffer from the compound inefficiency of the multiple diffractive elements.","PeriodicalId":286766,"journal":{"name":"Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122554235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shisheng Chen, Xiaofang Wang, A. Qian, Zhi‐zhan Xu
{"title":"Soft-X-Ray Emission Characteristics of Line-Shaped, Laser-Produced Plasmas","authors":"Shisheng Chen, Xiaofang Wang, A. Qian, Zhi‐zhan Xu","doi":"10.1364/swcr.1991.wa12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.wa12","url":null,"abstract":"Line-shaped plasmas produced by laser irradiating solid targets in line focus are of a large aspect ratio. Such plasmas are useful for x-ray laser demonstration and amplification and absorption spectroscopy as well. Soft x rays emitted from line-shaped plasmas can provide accurate information of such plasmas. Here, we report the studies of x-ray radiation transfer and spatial uniformity of line-shaped plasmas with a pinhole transmission grating spectrometer (PTGS), with a spectral resolution of 2-5 Å and a spatial resolution of 60 µm, and a soft-x-ray streak camera, with a time resolution of 30 ps.","PeriodicalId":286766,"journal":{"name":"Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129825507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances in soft-x-ray laser research","authors":"B. MacGowan","doi":"10.1364/swcr.1991.tud1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.tud1","url":null,"abstract":"Soft x-ray laser experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Nova laser will be described. Much of the work involves the study of collisionally pumped Ne-like and Ni-like lasers1 although some studies of recombination pumped and resonantly photo-pumped x-ray lasers will be discussed. These experiments have produced nickel-like collisionally pumped x-ray lasers at wavelengths near to, and below that of the K absorption edge of carbon (43.76-Å)2. Recent work has concentrated on the development of the Ni-like Ta amplifier as a high power source at 44.83- Å. Amplification occurs in a laser produced plasma created by irradiating a thin foil of Ta with two beams of the Nova laser. Up to 8 gainlengths have been demonstrated so far, with a gain coefficient of 3 cm–1 and a gain duration of 250 psec. The Ni-like Ta amplifier at 44.83- Å lies at the edge of the water window, and provides the basis for the design of an x-ray laser source that should fulfill some of the requirements for holography of living cells. It remains to optimize the coherent output power of the amplifier to use it as a source for future x-ray holography experiments. Experiments utilizing normal incidence x-ray optics to enhance the power output from this laser will be described.","PeriodicalId":286766,"journal":{"name":"Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128685986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Molecular Multiphoton Ionization and the \"Universal\" Short-pulse ATI Spectrum","authors":"G. Gibson, R. Freeman, T. Mcilrath","doi":"10.1364/swcr.1991.mb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.mb2","url":null,"abstract":"The ATI electron energy spectra of atoms in the short pulse regime up to intensities of 1014 W/cm2 are now well understood1. Naively applying this understanding of atoms to molecules would lead one to expect molecules to yield a very complex electron energy spectrum due to the multitude of potential curves and vibrational and rotational structure in the molecule. On the contrary, recently obtained ATI electron spectra of nitrogen show a relatively simple structure surprisingly similar to the spectra of atoms (see Fig. 1).","PeriodicalId":286766,"journal":{"name":"Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124785291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 0.5 Terawatt, 125 Femtosecond Ti:Sapphire Laser","authors":"J. Kmetec, J. J. Macklin, B. Lemoff, J. Young","doi":"10.1364/swcr.1991.tua13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.tua13","url":null,"abstract":"Broadband, high-energy storage, solid state amplifiers and chirped-pulse amplification further extend the peak power obtainable from a laser source. Laser-generation of x-rays and strong-field experiments require focusable beams at terawatt power levels. We have constructed a system at 802 nm using Ti:sapphire amplifiers and the technique of chirped-pulse amplification. In our system, a dye laser produces a train of 85 fsec seed pulses. A positively-dispersive grating pair expander chirps these pulses, stretching the pulsewidth to 180 psec while preserving the femtosecond bandwidth. The stretched pulses seed a Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier, producing 8 mJ, 180 psec output. Further amplification in a triple-passed Ti:sapphire amplifier increases the pulse energy to 120 mJ. A negatively-dispersive parallel grating pair removes the chirp, recompressing the pulse to 125 fsec. The final output contains 60 mJ of energy in a 125 fsec pulsewidth. The output beam is Gaussian and measured to be 1.2 times diffraction limited. Focusing with an f/6 lens achieves 87% transmission through a 10.8 micron pinhole. Hence, f/6 focusing will produce 1018W/cm2. Passage through a saturable absorber reduces the amplifier noise to signal power ratio to 10−9 in the leading edge of the short pulse, with a large signal, whole beam transmission of 70%. Both the regenerative and the final amplifier are pumped by the 532 nm frequency-doubled output of a single commercially available 10 Hz Nd:YAG laser.","PeriodicalId":286766,"journal":{"name":"Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126502318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Studies of the Interaction of Molecules and Solids with Intense Subpicosecond 248 NM Radiation","authors":"C. Rhodes","doi":"10.1364/swcr.1991.ma2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.ma2","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in femtosecond lasers are extending the exploration of multiphoton interactions well into the strong-field regime, the physical situation in which the external field is greater than an atomic unit \u0000(e/a02). The performance projected for ultraviolet rare gas halogen technology is currently being realized1−10 and new near-infrared solid state systems, such as Ti:Al2O3, are under vigorous development. Both technologies11 should reach a field strength of \u0000∼100 e/a02 with instruments that produce an output energy of ~ 1J.","PeriodicalId":286766,"journal":{"name":"Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124998163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Laser-plasma sources for lithography","authors":"J. Forsyth","doi":"10.1364/swcr.1991.wb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.wb3","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of laser-plasma sources for lithographic applications in different spectral ranges will be reviewed, and the performance potential will be summarized.","PeriodicalId":286766,"journal":{"name":"Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application","volume":"247 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117087860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
É. Belenov, S. Grigoriev, A. Nazarkin, I. Smetanin
{"title":"Optical Wiggler Free-Electron X-Ray Laser as a Two-Level Quantum, Generator with Fully Inverted Medium","authors":"É. Belenov, S. Grigoriev, A. Nazarkin, I. Smetanin","doi":"10.1364/swcr.1991.wa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.wa2","url":null,"abstract":"Recently the possibility was widely discussed of creation of an X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) using a high-power laser pulse as the undulator (optical wiggler FEL) [1]. Optical wiggler FEL is characterized by relatively small energy of the used electrons (ε ~ 1÷10 MeV). In order to achieve high values of the gain for X-rays it is necessary to use rather monoenergetic electron beams (Δγ/γ ~ 10–4) and the wigglers with a large number of periodic elements (N ≥ 104). In such FEL the energy of X-ray quantum can exceed the induced emission Cabsorption) linewidth: ωX > max {εΔγ/γ, ε(4N–1)}. We have shown that in this case the electrons interacting with the fields in FEL behave as two-level particles (the energies of these two levels are defined by energy and momentum conservation laws in an elementary act of stimulated Compton backscattering). The electron beam injected into the region of interaction with the energy close to the energy of the upper level represents a fully inverted medium for the amplified X-ray emission. The possibility is shown of FEL lasing with full extraction of inversion.","PeriodicalId":286766,"journal":{"name":"Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127369570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress in the Development of a Compact Capillary Discharge Soft X-Ray Laser","authors":"J. Rocca, M. Marconi, B. Szapiro, J. Meyer","doi":"10.1364/swcr.1991.wa9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/swcr.1991.wa9","url":null,"abstract":"We have proposed compact and efficient soft X-Ray recombination lasers could be demonstrated by direct discharge excitation of a capillary plasma [1,2]. In this laser scheme a dense and nearly totally ionized plasma core with a large length-to-diameter ratio (L/d = 10-100) is created from a fast discharge by ionizing material from the capillary walls. Subsequent rapid plasma cooling by heat conduction to the capillary walls and radiation results in recombination of highly ionized species into ions of lower charge, creating population inversions and amplification of soft X-Ray radiation.","PeriodicalId":286766,"journal":{"name":"Short-Wavelength Coherent Radiation: Generation and Application","volume":"408 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122787788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}