Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018最新文献

{"title":"Potential Impacts of Seabed 2030 on Arctic Resource Development","authors":"D. Millar, M. Jakobsson","doi":"10.4043/29129-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29129-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The world's oceans are critical to sustaining life, controlling climate, and providing economic wealth. Despite this fact, our understanding of the ocean and its seafloor processes is limited, in part because we lack accurate ocean mapping data. The situation is dramatic in the Arctic, where the physical environment is changing rapidly and where the vast majority of the 15,588,000-square-kilometer Arctic Ocean remains unmapped using modern survey methods. Given current and anticipated increases in vessel traffic, resource exploration and development, and impacts of climate change on coastal areas, the need for bathymetric data in the region is becoming increasingly urgent.\u0000 The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project promises a solution for the Arctic's growing data demand. Launched in 2017, the project aims to produce a definitive and publicly available high-resolution map of the world's ocean floor by 2030. To achieve these goals, the program is advancing three strategies. First, existing data must be identified and the remaining gaps mapped. For the Arctic, apart from the ice covered central basin, an appreciable volume of bathymetric data already exists, but the national governments and private sector companies who hold these data will need to make them available to Seabed 2030, even if at decimated levels. Second, the project looks to crowd sourced bathymetry as an important means of acquiring new datasets. Vessels operating in or passing through Arctic waters can log and contribute bathymetric data from their movements. Finally, even if existing data and crowd sourced bathymetry data contributions are made, there will undoubtedly be a need for a coordinated Arctic Ocean basin mapping campaign by a combination of government, scientific, and private industry survey vessels to fill the remaining gaps in coverage.\u0000 This paper will review the need for bathymetric data in the Arctic, the potential for the Seabed 2030 project to deliver these data, and the methods that will be used to ensure its success. It will also discuss the anticipated impacts of Seabed 2030 on Arctic resource development.","PeriodicalId":286074,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122381846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Risk and Determining Operational Limitations for Ships in Ice","authors":"J. Bond, Robert Hindley, A. Kendrick, J. Kämäräinen, L. Kuulila","doi":"10.4043/29143-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29143-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The IMO's International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) entered in to force on 1 January 2017 and provides, for the first time, an international regulatory framework for ships operating in Polar waters. In addition to technical regulations, the Polar Code requires that the Polar Ship Certificate should reference a methodology to assess operational capabilities and limitations in ice: essentially setting operational limitations for the specific ship navigating in Polar waters. The Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS) has been developed as an acceptable methodology for providing guidance on the operational limitations in ice of ships assigned different ice classes and has been directly referenced by the IMO in the Polar Code. The system was developed as a collaborative effort, drawing on operational and regulatory experience from industry and national administrations with experience in setting navigational limitations for ice covered waters. This paper presents the technical background behind the system and supporting information on its practical use both as a voyage planning tool and as real-time guidance on assessing ice regimes ahead of the ship. Validation of the system in the context of other existing regulatory requirements is discussed. The limitations of the system are explored and commentary and proposals are provided on recommended future enhancements.","PeriodicalId":286074,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126904607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontier Arctic Offshore Exploration Drilling Business Challenge","authors":"M. M. Winkler","doi":"10.4043/29144-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29144-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The ‘Frontier Arctic’ offshore has been explored on and off since the 1970s, driven by oil price and areas open for leasing or licensing. While a widespread, future return is questionable, operators contemplating a return can benefit from past experience. Insight and perspective are provided on the technical and non-technical challenges and impact on the business challenge. Actions and opportunities to change the overall cost and non-technical business risk dynamic are discussed.\u0000 ‘Frontier Arctic’ oil and gas resources have characteristics of 1) being located outboard of established offshore regions of oil and gas exploration and development, 2) having physical attributes of water depth and ice conditions that require the use of specialized equipment or measures to safely and cost effectively drill, and 3) having non-technical business risks with the potential for high business consequences. This loose definition includes much of the Alaskan Arctic, the Canadian Beaufort Sea, Greenland, the far northern Barents Sea, and much of the Russian shelf. The technical and non-technical issues associated with exploration drilling in these regions are well-established, but not necessarily well-integrated.\u0000 ‘Frontier Arctic’ exploration drilling can be safely, responsibly, and reliably executed. The principal challenges are cost to address both routine operations and emergency response preparedness and and non-technical business risk. The required solutions to address these challenges and business risks lead to a layering of complexity and cost that increase exploration drilling costs multifold over competing oil and gas investment opportunities and require significant and sustained commitments of financial, organizational and people resources to achieve business success. Furthermore, ‘Frontier Arctic’ opportunities cannot be turned on at will and require significant planning and preparation and associated lead time.\u0000 Interest in ‘Frontier Arctic’ exploration may be rekindled in the future depending upon commodity prices; however, the ability to make material cost changes are limited due to the nature of the technical challenge; and the \"Frontier Arctic’ will likely remain a target for environmental activism. Furthermore, exploration drilling would need to take place now or in the reasonably near future if ‘Frontier Arctic’ resources are to have a chance of contributing to a future oil or gas supply shortfall. Notwithstanding, Arctic offshore exploration can be expected to continue in regions where cost and business risk can be managed such as the southern Barents Sea and nearshore Alaska Beaufort Sea region.","PeriodicalId":286074,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125649104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison Study Between Design Ice Load and Actual Measured Ice Load During Ice Trial of Arctic LNG Carrier","authors":"Y. Jo, J. Choi, S. Park, Jai-Kyung Lee, H. Ki, Sungkon Han","doi":"10.4043/29111-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29111-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The activities related to exploitation for oil and gas in the Arctic areas increase significantly. In order to transport increased resources in the Arctic areas, large Arctic commercial vessels such as gas carriers, oil tankers, bulk carriers, etc. are needed for mass transportation. In Arctic area, the ice load is the main factor of environmental load acting on Arctic vessel. The ice load is increased with the enlargement of vessel.\u0000 The largest Arctic commercial vessel was built by DSME in 2016. The vessel was delivered after completion of ice trial in March 2017. The size of Arctic LNG carrier is larger than any other Arctic vessels have been constructed so far. The ice load monitoring system was installed for ice load measurement and structural safety of ice navigation of this large LNG carrier.\u0000 This paper is concerned with comparison between estimated ice load for structural design and measured ice load for vessel navigation in Arctic area. Design ice load was calculated according to prescriptive rules of the Classification societies. Actual ice load during ice navigation was measured from ice load monitoring system. The arrangement of sensors in the monitoring system was determined for the precise measurement of ice induced loads acting on the hull. FE analyses were also carried out to compare between estimated ice load and measured ice load considering complex structural details in the Arctic LNG carrier.","PeriodicalId":286074,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121775058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Improvement in Wellbore Position Accuracy: Ultra-Extended-Reach Drilling in Far Eastern Russia","authors":"B. Poedjono, S. Maus, S. Rawlins, Nicholas Zachman, Adam Paul Row, Xiong Li","doi":"10.4043/29168-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29168-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Drilling ultra-extended-reach (ultra-ERD) wellbores has redefined industry standards. Operators and service companies must fully assess the accompanying risks to maximize the overall productivity of an asset. New drilling technologies, such as improved drilling fluid design and geomechanics analyses, allow wellbores to be drilled to the lateral displacement of greater than 13 km. This requires improved absolute wellbore positioning, in conjunction with reduced uncertainties. When developing these drilling technologies, the economics must be considered so as not to exponentially increase the cost per barrel of oil. The increase in infill drilling of nearby offset wellbores requires developing improved methods that reduce wellbore position uncertainty when placing the wellbore in the reservoir, in addition to avoiding collisions.\u0000 The proposed geomagnetic referencing technique is suitable for the application to the Sakhalin-1 project in eastern Russia. Here there is a predominance of ultra-ERD wellbores coupled with considerable knowledge of the varying depth of the basement rock structure. This paper presents a process used for creating a geomagnetic crustal field model that can be updated to the actual survey location with the date and time for real-time application. This process can also be used in the reprocessing of legacy measurement-while-drilling (MWD) data. The application of this process significantly improves wellbore position accuracy. The ability to have a greater understanding of the overall geomagnetic field, along with enhanced techniques in multistation algorithm processing, removes the effects of drillstring and the cross-axial interference due to mud shielding effects. Additional benefits of this application include reduced wellbore tortuosity for planned wells, improved anticollision separation factors, and improved torque and drag profiles.\u0000 This new geomagnetic model, updated to the actual survey location, date, and time and incorporating realistic uncertainty determinations based on basement rock depth analysis, has resulted in a 50% improvement in the overall ellipse of uncertainty (EOU) when compared with previous definitive surveys, in addition to an accurate bottomhole location. Incorporating these advanced techniques reduces position uncertainty that improves overall 3D wellbore positioning. Other studies, such as a disturbance field study, evaluate the effects of the magnetospheric ring current, auroral electrojets, and secondary induced fields, and was conducted by analyzing the magnetic observatory data from the same magnetic latitude to quantify the maximum and minimum declination variations during a magnetic storm.","PeriodicalId":286074,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124771277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Level Ice Clearing in Model and Full Scale Using Azimuthing Propulsion","authors":"G. Taimuri, P. Kujala, T. Leiviskä, Pirjo Määttänen","doi":"10.4043/29179-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29179-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Marine vessels and offshore structures functioning in Earth's frigid zones require ice management to continue their routine operations. Icebreakers are the most influential vessel in assisting marine operations in Polar Regions. The present study is set to analyze the clearance area of level ice using Azimuthing propeller jet in bollard condition, by means of full-scale and model scale experiments. Moreover channel widening and heeling test is performed to analyze the escorting ability of an icebreaker with only using propeller jets. Scope of the current investigation can be incorporated in designing new icebreakers and maintaining desired channel width based on propeller jets effect.\u0000 Propeller jets can be used to break level ice, when the ship is stationary or moving, where the amount and capacity of breaking or clearing the ice are based on the thrust of the propeller, angle between the propeller jet axis and free surface, and thickness of the ice as well as propeller running time. This paper presents a comparison between full-scale experiments data (carry out in the Gulf of Bothnia, March 2017) and model scale trials performed in Aker Arctic testing facility on the level ice sheet. These experiments were based on image data from external camera and propeller flow parameters, where the area, as well as coordinate calculation, were within 3% of the accuracy from the acquired images. Full-scale ice thicknesses utilized in the experiments were selected and confirmed from surveillance videos. Model-scale images were corrected using Hugin software while ImageJ was used to calculate ice clearance parameters.\u0000 Propeller thrust and area analysis show 10-22 % of the variation in the results of the model and full-scale experiments for 16 mm thick model ice. 16 mm thick model ice results are much closer to full-scale trials than 25 mm thick model ice. Test results at 30° and 90° pod angles could be extrapolated to design a prototype vessel.\u0000 Channel widening shows worthy outcome, with the use of Azipods at a speed of 8 kn channel width of 36 m can be attain by positioning the stern Azipods at 30° puller configuration. Changing the pod inclination by 30% will increase the channel width to 20%. In the widening of new level ice channel, 30° pod angle is the most suitable.","PeriodicalId":286074,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127838075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facility Side-Tracking for Iceberg Risk Management","authors":"T. King","doi":"10.4043/29096-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29096-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Currently, iceberg risk mitigation at production facilities in shallower waters (80 to 120 m) on the Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador is accomplished using iceberg surveillance, towing, water cannons and, in the case of floating facilities, disconnection. Future developments in deeper waters such as the Flemish Pass or the Orphan Basin may be able to utilize compliant mooring and riser systems to allow a floating facility to simply move out of the path of an approaching iceberg without disconnecting. The analysis described here shows that, using simple extrapolation of the observed iceberg trajectory, the risk mitigation provided by facility side-tracking is comparable to existing physical management techniques (iceberg towing and water cannons). Improved short-term iceberg drift forecasting would allow further risk mitigation.","PeriodicalId":286074,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131660950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pile Foundation System for Offshore Protection Structure","authors":"R. Phillips, G. Piercey, J. Barrett","doi":"10.4043/29092-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29092-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The hydrocarbon production facilities offshore eastern Canada must contend with icebergs. Subsea infrastructure is typically protected by placement in excavated drill centers (EDCs). EDCs are large excavations where subsea infrastructure is installed below the depth of potential iceberg penetration. However, EDCs are expensive for marginal field developments and therefore alternative concrete Subsea Ice Protection Structures (SIPS) are being evaluated.\u0000 A concept 8 m high circular concrete SIPS of 45m and 25m outside and inside diameter, respectively, would be placed directly on the seabed. Global loads from contact with an iceberg are estimated to be less than 100 MN without ice management. Pipe piles are proposed to resist the lateral forces. Such large diameter pipe piles are commonly used on the Grand Banks to anchor mooring lines.\u0000 Movement of the iceberg onto the SIPS may also generate greater vertical load onto the structure, increasing the sliding resistance. This paper presents an evaluation of the ultimate lateral load capacity of the piled foundation at large displacements. Centrifuge model tests were compared to numerical modelling results and to reduce the uncertainty with extrapolating the P-y method of pile analysis beyond its typical limits. The load sharing behavior between the piles and the SIPS foundation base was also evaluated.","PeriodicalId":286074,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126341985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining a Path Towards Successful Low Cost Marginal Field Subsea Developments – An Overview","authors":"J. Muise, F. Ralph","doi":"10.4043/29172-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29172-ms","url":null,"abstract":"Subsea oil and gas developments in the Grand Banks region, offshore Eastern Canada, require mitigation techniques to protect against iceberg keel interactions. For example, untrenched infield flowlines incorporate weak link systems designed to fail in the event of flowline snag to protect upstream and downstram assets. Even with these systems, the assumption that any iceberg contact equates to flowline failure means that flowline lengths in excess of approximately 10 km require trenching to meet safety target levels. Furthermore, all subsea wells to date have been installed in excavated drill centers to avoid contact with gouging icebergs. Based on current design practices, these mitigation measures are cost prohibitive and limit the potential for the development of marginal fields. This paper addresses conventional practice to protect against iceberg interaction and proposes alternative solutions that maintain safety, while reducing costs significantly.","PeriodicalId":286074,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123150145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving the Un-Delimited Arctic Boundary Between Canada and the United States in the Beaufort Sea by Using a Law-and-Science Approach","authors":"P. Bekker, R. Poll","doi":"10.4043/29178-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29178-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Fewer than half of the 500 or so potential maritime boundaries in the world have been agreed, creating uncertainty not only for the coastal States involved but also for their investors active in the offshore oil and gas industry. The complex process of agreeing and fixing boundaries or of making provisional arrangements can be time-consuming and expensive but once agreed can significantly contribute to the economic wealth of the affected countries. Disputes over maritime boundaries regularly flare up around the world and sometimes result in skirmishes. Coastal States with competing claims to maritime areas routinely offer and award oil concessions in disputed waters without the investors taking blocks being fully aware of the underlying inter-State dispute and the risks presented by an un-delimited boundary, especially one featuring straddling deposits. Indeed, maritime boundary disputes form a misunderstood and frequently overlooked area of investment risk management in the energy sector.\u0000 The Figure below shows, in red lines, the limit of the Exclusive Economic Zones (\"EEZs\") of the world, together with maritime boundaries delimited by treaty (depicted by blue lines) and interpreted \"strict equidistance\" lines in locations where no current delimited maritime boundary exists (shown in orange). The world's EEZ waters, as measured from coastlines (in black) up to the EEZ legal limit (in red), cover approximately 169,000,000 square kilometers (geodetic).","PeriodicalId":286074,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, November 06, 2018","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129322277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}