{"title":"Finite difference time domain modeling of an indoor antenna chamber with phased planar array","authors":"Scott E. Metker, R. Luebbers, Joseph, Schuster","doi":"10.1109/APS.1997.631470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.1997.631470","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the modeling of an indoor electromagnetic testing range. The large size of the range makes FDTD simulations difficult on traditional workstations and desktop computers. An efficient out-of-core algorithm (OoC) is used to swap a portion of the FDTD space efficiently to magnetic storage without significantly impacting run times. Additionally, the indoor range uses a large planar phased array (256 elements) to provide source excitation. Backscatter returns are simulated in FDTD and compared to actual measurements.","PeriodicalId":283897,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115310931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Critical analysis of Yee and matched layers absorbing boundary conditions for 2-D and 3-D applications of the FDTD method","authors":"C.-W.P. Huang, A. Elsherbeni, C.E. Smith","doi":"10.1109/APS.1997.631710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.1997.631710","url":null,"abstract":"Since Yee defined the basic cell for the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique in 1966, applications of FDTD have been adopted widely, which provide not only insights of the wave behavior in time domain but also wide band frequency domain information using Fourier transforms. The FDTD technique is based on the finite difference approximations of Maxwell's differential equations in both spatial field arrangements and time difference. Since the storage space available for computed fields in computers is finite, there is a need to truncate the problem space using absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) that simulate continuous wave propagation on the truncation interfaces. Many ABCs have been introduced in the last few years; however, there is no reflectionless absorbing boundary. Two and three dimensional numerical absorbers, matched layers (ML) similar to those presented by Holland and Williams (1983) and by Reineix and Jecko (1989), and Yee's tapered damping function ABC are presented and critically evaluated.","PeriodicalId":283897,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115425450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electromagnetic pulse propagation and scattering from terrain: experimental observation and comparison with theory","authors":"L. Zurk, S. Coutts","doi":"10.1109/APS.1997.625529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.1997.625529","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the problem of electromagnetic propagation over variable terrain from both an experimental and a theoretical standpoint. The experimental data were collected by MIT Lincoln Laboratory during an airborne multipath propagation experiment in the fall of 1996. The experiment utilized two planes equipped with UHF and VHF antennas and explored the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) observed between the direct and reflected signal in a pulsed radar system. The data was collected over a variety of terrains in New Mexico and Maine ranging from smooth desert floor to rough mountainous terrain. In this paper measurements from selected data sets are compared to theoretical results from Lincoln Laboratory propagation code SEKE which has been modified for wide bandwidth signals using Fourier techniques. This work may be useful for the evaluation of multipath-based height-finding techniques for airborne radars. By estimating the TDOA between the direct and reflected signals one can estimate the target height geometrically. This height-finding technique requires sufficient signal bandwidth to resolve the multiple pulses as well as a propagation environment that will support specular reflections. The goal of this work is to increase our understanding of the propagation environment and to improve our modeling capacity for wide-bandwidth signals over various terrains.","PeriodicalId":283897,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120972573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inclusion of finite substrate effects in the analysis of printed antennas and MICs by the CGF technique","authors":"R. Faraji-Dana, Y. Chow","doi":"10.1109/APS.1997.631537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.1997.631537","url":null,"abstract":"In MICs and printed antennas the dielectric substrates always have a finite extent. Rigorous analysis of the truncation affects requires the solution of an integral equation with the MoM. This is usually numerically intense especially for 3-D structures. The truncation effects are incorporated directly in an approximate Green's function. The characteristic Green's function (CGF) technique is combined with the complex images method to derive the Green's function. The derived Green's function exhibits excellent agreement with the available rigorous MoM solution of the problem.","PeriodicalId":283897,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest","volume":"21 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121000668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. D. Flaviis, M. Noro, Rodolfo E. Diaz, Giorgio Franceschetti, Nicolaos G. Alexopoulos
{"title":"Time domain vector potential formulation for the solution of electromagnetic problems","authors":"F. D. Flaviis, M. Noro, Rodolfo E. Diaz, Giorgio Franceschetti, Nicolaos G. Alexopoulos","doi":"10.1109/75.720465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/75.720465","url":null,"abstract":"Several techniques have been proposed for the solution of Maxwell's equations, such as FDTD, which rely on discretization of Maxwell's equations in time. These techniques are attractive because of their simplicity but are limited to dealing with structures with low dispersion characteristics. Other techniques such as condensed TLM offer superior characteristics in terms of dispersion but are more demanding in terms of computer resources. Attempts to use the vector potential formulation by discretization of the vector potential wave equation have also been made in the past. Although the scheme is attractive because of some of the advantages of the TLM technique, they have the shortcoming of the difficulties in implementing metal boundaries. In this paper a new technique for the solution of scattering problems based on discretization of Maxwell's equations in vector potential form (VP) is presented. This new technique maintains the advantage of condensed node representation as in the vector potential formulation, but offers an easy way to treat metal boundaries.","PeriodicalId":283897,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127198640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Rossetto, P. Stauffer, D. Deardorff, G. B. Gentili, M. Leoncini
{"title":"FDTD characterization of radiation patterns from flexible microstrip applicators","authors":"F. Rossetto, P. Stauffer, D. Deardorff, G. B. Gentili, M. Leoncini","doi":"10.1109/APS.1997.631471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.1997.631471","url":null,"abstract":"The FDTD numerical method has been used to calculate the radiation patterns from 915 MHz dual concentric conductor (DCC) applicators which were designed for use in superficial hyperthermia applications. Results are given for radiation from single 2 cm square apertures considering several different electromagnetic feed and tissue coupling configurations, and from multiple element arrays of six adjacent apertures. Radiated electric field distributions are expressed as specific absorption rate (SAR) patterns in a lossy muscle tissue load. The power deposition patterns are illustrated in planes 1 cm deep in tissue (e.g. just under the superficial tumor target) and in a vertical cross section plane cutting through the applicator and layered tissue load. The results demonstrate that when coupled with a 5 mm thick water bolus layer, the thin, flexible and lightweight planar DCC antennas produce effective heating out to the periphery of each aperture to a depth of approximately 1 cm in realistic tissue loads, and may be combined into arrays for relatively uniform heating of larger surface areas with >50% of maximum power deposition extending out to the perimeter of the array.","PeriodicalId":283897,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124998988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A novel dual polarized aperture coupled patch element with a single layer feed network and high isolation","authors":"Bjorn Lindmark Allgon","doi":"10.1109/APS.1997.625403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.1997.625403","url":null,"abstract":"The aperture coupled patch geometry has been extended to dual polarization by several authors. In Tsao et al. (1988) a cross-shaped slot is fed by a balanced feed network which allows for a high degree of isolation. However, the balanced feed calls for an air-bridge which complicates both the design process and the manufacture. An alleviation to this problem is to separate the two channels onto two different substrate layers separated by the ground plane. In this case the disadvantage is increased cost. Another solution with a single layer feed is presented in Brachat and Baracco (1995) where one channel feeds a single slot centered under the patch whereas the other channel feeds two separate slots placed near the edges of the patch. Our experience is that with this geometry it is hard to achieve a well-matched broadband design since the slots near the edge of the patch present very low coupling. All the above geometries maintain symmetry with respect to the two principal planes if we ignore the small spurious coupling from feed lines in the vicinity of the aperture. We propose to reduce the symmetry to only one principal plane which turns out to be sufficient for high isolation and low cross-polarization. The advantage is that only one layer of feed network is needed, with no air-bridges required. In addition the aperture position is centered under the patch. An important application for dual polarized antennas is base station antennas. We have therefore designed and measured an element for the PCS band (1.85-1.99 GHz).","PeriodicalId":283897,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125949090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of antennas on curved multilayer structures by using the GIDMULT routine","authors":"P. Kildal, Z. Šipuš, M. Johansson","doi":"10.1109/APS.1997.631453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.1997.631453","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an algorithm and FORTRAN subroutine GIDMULT for calculating the spectral domain Green's functions of coaxial cylindrical multilayer structures with any number of layers. The subroutine has been applied to analyze microstrip patch antennas on such structures and to study scattering from strip-loaded and corrugated cylinders. These examples are summarized. Different versions of GIDMULT exist for planar and cylindrical structures, and they have been extensively tested against results published by others.","PeriodicalId":283897,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123422869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fast direct solution algorithm for electromagnetic scattering from 3D planar and quasi-planar geometries","authors":"L. Gurel, Weng Cho Chew","doi":"10.1109/APS.1997.630087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.1997.630087","url":null,"abstract":"Although several different techniques exist, the need to solve larger problems with limited computational resources has sparked the successful development of numerous new fast solvers. However, no method can be expected to solve all classes of problems. For instance, the iterative solvers, which are perfectly suited for large problems, perform poorly for near-resonant structures. Some techniques are limited to 2D geometries, whereas some others are limited homogeneous-medium problems. The development of a new noniterative method and its application to planar geometries in homogeneous media is presented. The method can easily and naturally be extended to the cases of quasi-planar structures and/or layered-media problems as discussed.","PeriodicalId":283897,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125412160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Gedney, J. Ottusch, P. Petre, J. Visher, S. Wandzura
{"title":"Efficient high-order discretization schemes for integral equation methods","authors":"S. Gedney, J. Ottusch, P. Petre, J. Visher, S. Wandzura","doi":"10.1109/APS.1997.631613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.1997.631613","url":null,"abstract":"A high-order method is a method that provides extra digits of accuracy with only a modest increase in computational cost. A number of method of moment (MoM) techniques based on high-order basis and testing functions have been presented in the literature. Characteristically, these methods result in a substantial increase in precomputational cost principally due to the expensive numerical integration required for near interactions. This can be accelerated through the use of specialized quadrature schemes when available. Unfortunately, performing the double integration numerically over high-order functions can still be quite computationally intensive. A novel high-order technique based on a locally-corrected Nystrom scheme combined with advanced quadrature schemes is presented. It is shown that this method truly demonstrates high-order convergence for the solution of electromagnetic scattering problems with comparable computational cost to low-order schemes. The elegance of this technique is in its simplicity and ease of implementation. However, the power of the method is its ability to inexpensively provide true high-order convergence.","PeriodicalId":283897,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 1997. Digest","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115573952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}