Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales最新文献

{"title":"Chaînes relationnelles dans l'accès à l'emploi : perspective à partir d'une enquête récente en France","authors":"Guillaume Favre, Michel Grossetti","doi":"10.46298/arcs.10995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/arcs.10995","url":null,"abstract":"Since Mark Granovetter's seminal work on the access to employment of white collars in the Boston suburbs, studies on the embeddedness of the labor market in social networks have multiplied. They all agree on the fact that a significant proportion of access to employment is based on interpersonal relations, either because these relations are decisive in ob-taining information on jobs (for future recruits) and on possible candi-dates (for recruiters), or because they lead to direct recruitment (if the recruiter and the future recruit already know each other) or because recommendations by intermediaries result in hiring. The proportion of jobs obtained on the basis of personal relationships varies according to the methods studied and the study sites but it's often a significant one. In this article, we study the relational chains of access to employment based on the questions used in a questionnaire survey carried out in 2028 on a sample of 1,676 persons living in mainland France. This sur-vey confirms previous results: relationships are important, and this im-portance varies according to the characteristics of the respondents and the jobs they obtained. Relationships are more important for executives and prestigious jobs. Moreover, these prestigious jobs were obtained by involving colleagues or former colleagues to a greater extent than other jobs. Being located in a privileged environment and knowing other peo-ple in that environment provides additional resources for accessing cer-tain jobs.In addition to verifying these trends, our aim was to characterize the chains themselves as far as possible. In this way we were able to support a hypothesis that has emerged from previous work, namely that the average length of chains varies according to the type of resource in-volved: the rarer the resource, the longer the chains. By distinguishing between assistance limited to information or advice and that which in-volves more direct help in obtaining employment, we have been able to show that the chains are longer on average in the case of direct assis-tance, which is consistent with our hypothesis, but they are also longer for the youngest people, who have not yet been able to build up profes-sional relationships comparable to those of older people. What is at stake is therefore a relative scarcity that depends on the characteristics of the persons and their network as much as on those of the resources at stake.\u0000 Depuis le travail fondateur de Mark Granovetter sur l’accès à l’emploi de cadres de la banlieue de Boston, les études sur l’encastrement du marché du travail dans les réseaux sociaux se sont multipliées. Toutes convergent sur le constat qu’une part importante des accès à l’emploi s’appuie sur des relations interpersonnelles, soit que ces relations soient décisives dans l’obtention d’informations sur les postes (pour les futures personnes recrutées) et sur les candidatures possibles (pour les personnes qui recrutent), soit qu’elles débouchent sur ","PeriodicalId":280925,"journal":{"name":"Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales","volume":"65 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Créations de plateformes numériques dans le secteur agricole français et logiques relationnelles : découplage ou encastrement ?","authors":"Quentin Chapus, Victor Potier, J. Brailly","doi":"10.46298/arcs.10972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/arcs.10972","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article porte sur les dynamiques de l’encastrement relationnel des créateurs et créatrices de plateformes numériques dans le secteur agricole français, entreprises qui se sont considérablement développées ces dernières années. A partir d’une analyse qualitative et quantitative reposant sur des données mixtes collectées auprès d’entrepreneur.e.s, nous observons d’abord un processus de découplage, qui est majoritaire parmi les entrepreneur.e.s rencontré.es. Ces dernier.e.s n’échapperaient donc pas à la dynamique propre à « l’activité entrepreneuriale », à savoir le recours de plus en plus faible aux relations personnelles à mesure que l’entreprise se développe, phénomène qui a déjà été documenté par de nombreuses études. Toutefois, une analyse plus fine des profils montre que le taux d’encastrement d’une partie non négligeable des enquêté.e.s s’écarte de la distribution générale, ce qui interroge les conclusions d’ensemble. Un type de profil retient notamment notre attention, pour lequel le taux d’encastrement progresse au fil du temps. Nous montrons dans cet article que si cela est le signe pour certain.e.s d’une baisse d’activité de l’entreprise, pour d’autres il pourrait s’agir d’un mode original de développement. La singularité du monde professionnel sur lequel porte notre analyse (les mondes agricoles) et du type d’entreprise créée pourrait alors expliquer de tels résultats.","PeriodicalId":280925,"journal":{"name":"Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141648152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trajectories and social relations: urban area as a resource and a constraint","authors":"Nathalie Chauvac, Fanny Hugues","doi":"10.46298/arcs.10897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/arcs.10897","url":null,"abstract":"What does the place of residence change in the trajectory of a person who grows up or lives there, in terms of access to employment, career path? Access to employment is based on the social relations available to family and friends or on the intervention of professionals from training or support organisations, particularly at the start of a career or when a career changes direction (Chauvac 2013).Career choices are also linked to family and friends, with family and friends providing resources to find information, make contacts or receive encouragement, but also models or counter-models, influences, support or constraints (Bidart 2008). The place of residence conditions the wider environment, and can therefore have an impact on an individual's trajectory.Research conducted on the trajectories of people who grew up and/or still live in a urban area qualified as a priority in the sense of urban policy shows that they denounce an effect of assignment to low-skilled or precarious jobs, the mourning of major jobs (Zunigo 2008) and a phenomenon of discrimination. They consider that \"the urban area\" is a strong explanatory factor of the difficulties and obstacles encountered, more than a resource, even if this may also be the case. Analyzing pathways by taking into account social relations enables us to understand how this \"urban area\" effect is constructed, but also how the accumulation of social and economic difficulties that characterize the situation of the inhabitants of a priority urban area will multiply the obstacles and crises in individual pathways (Beaud 2018). Around sixty trajectories have been reconstructed using the method of quantified narratives (Grossetti 2011) and the analysis of the modes of access to employment or other resources such as training and permits, in terms of relational chains. The analysis of these trajectories highlights the importance of family social networks in the pathways, often articulated with other modes of access such as the use of devices - in longer chains than previously observed (Chauvac 2011, 2013) - as well as the complexity of certain pathways and their consequences on the lives of the respondents.The social relationships mentioned and/or mobilised by the respondents, the devices at the different stages of their career, depending on their professional situations, also show the sequence of situations. Finally, the interviews make it possible to list the social relationships mentioned and/or used by the respondents, and to characterise them partly according to their professional situations.In the end, analysis in terms of social networks sheds light on the specificities of these pathways, with the urban area functioning above all as a revealer of the impact of social conditions on all biographical transitions.\u0000 Cet article se fonde sur une recherche participative avec des jeunes habitant·e·s d’un quartier populaire de juin 2018 à juillet 2019 auprès de personnes ayant grandi ou vivant dans leur quartier et","PeriodicalId":280925,"journal":{"name":"Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales","volume":" 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141673585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network analysis for the study of intergovernmental cooperation: the case of the International Bureau of Education (1929-1958)","authors":"Émeline Brylinski","doi":"10.46298/arcs.11398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/arcs.11398","url":null,"abstract":"This report of the thesis \"Recommending utopia? A construction of an intergovernmental cooperation by the International Bureau of Education (IBE) in the middle of the 20th century\" (Brylinski, 2022), focuses on the use of network analysis to study intergovernmental cooperation in education. The first part sets out the research questions and the data collected. The second describes how network analyses were applied to the Bulletins and to the Minutes published by the IBE. Then, the third part exposes the results obtained, to illustrate how these techniques are useful to study the staging of States, their interactions and cooperation strategies. Network analysis is thus a relevant method to analyze how governments contributed to the construction of the cause which lied at the heart of the cooperation project, namely peace education. This approach makes it possible to improve our understanding of the circulation and co-construction of knowledge within the framework of an intergovernmental organization and the production of international education recommendations.\u0000 Ce compte rendu de la thèse \"Recommander l’utopie ? Construction d’une coopération intergouvernementale par le Bureau International d’Éducation (BIE) au milieu du 20e siècle\" (Brylinski, 2022) porte sur l’intérêt de mobiliser les techniques d’analyse de réseaux pour étudier la coopération intergouvernementale en éducation. La première partie expose les questions de recherche et les données récoltées. La seconde décrit comment l’analyse de réseaux est appliquée aux Bulletins et aux Procès-verbaux publiés par le BIE. Puis, la troisième restitue les résultats obtenus pour illustrer comment ces techniques permettent d’étudier des mises en scène d’États, leurs interactions et stratégies de coopération pour faire-valoir ou marginaliser certains savoirs. Ainsi, l’analyse de réseaux est une méthode pertinente pour révéler comment se construit la cause qui réside au cœur du projet de coopération, à savoir l’éducation pacifique, lorsqu’elle est saisie par des gouvernements. Cette démarche permet d’améliorer notre compréhension de la circulation et la co-construction de savoirs dans le cadre d’une organisation intergouvernementale et de la production des recommandations internationales de l’éducation.","PeriodicalId":280925,"journal":{"name":"Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales","volume":"12 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140962307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An account of the second edition of the Frognet conference","authors":"Thomas Boissonneau, Marion Maisonobe","doi":"10.46298/arcs.12317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/arcs.12317","url":null,"abstract":"This account reviews the presentations made at the second Frognet conference, a French-speaking conference on graphs and social net- works. The conference was held in Montpellier on 6 and 7 April 2023. We detail the main themes addressed, the major sociometric surveys used, and the diversity of methodological approaches, sources and issues represented at the conference.\u0000 Ce compte rendu revient sur les présentations de la deuxième conférence Frognet : conférence francophone sur les graphes et les réseaux sociaux. Cette édition s’est tenue à Montpellier les 6 et 7 avril 2023. Le compte-rendu détaille les grandes thématiques abor- dées, les grandes enquêtes sociométriques mobilisées, la diversité des approches méthodologiques, des sources et des questionnements représentés dans la conférence.","PeriodicalId":280925,"journal":{"name":"Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales","volume":"58 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140965457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of farmer collectives developing territorialized supply chains on the agroecological transition trajectories of farms: analysis using the quantified narratives method","authors":"Alice Gillerot, Philippe Jeanneaux, Etienne Polge","doi":"10.46298/arcs.10874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/arcs.10874","url":null,"abstract":"Collective action among farmers is regularly presented as a driver for the adoption of agroecological practices on farms. This study proposes to extend the analysis of relational drivers in the implementation of changes in practices beyond peer groups, by looking at their collective organization around territorialized supply chains involving other actors. More specifically, this paper proposes to study the role that this collective organization around territorial supply chains plays in the changes toward agroecological practices carried out on farms.The study of the individual farm trajectories as a chain of events is an approach that allows the understanding and analysis of changes in practices. As we are interested in coordination mechanisms based on interactions between actors as a driver for agroecological transition, we mobilize the framework and tools of social network analysis. In particular, in order to analyse the relational drivers in the trajectories of changes practices, we mobilize the relational chain approach through the method of quantified narratives. This approach allows us to understand changes in practices on farms as collective actions, through the study of relationships activated by farmers in order to have access to different types of resources during their trajectory. Thus, our work feeds the literature mobilizing the method of quantified narratives for the analysis of farm transition trajectories, which we modulate by focusing on the trajectory of a particular cropping system analysed through the agronomic and socio-economic principles of agroecology. We conducted semi-structured interviews with eight farmers who are members of a territorial organic wheat-flour- bread supply chain collective that includes a miller and a baker, all located in the plain of Limagne (Puy-de-Dôme, France). Following these interviews focused on their changes in wheat-growing practices, we identified five phases of agronomic and socio-economic coherence in their trajectories, that we evaluated through the prism of the agroecological principles. We then identified the relationships activated by the farmers to access the various resources needed to carry out the changes in practices during these different phases. Based on their trajectories, a typology of farms was created. This typology helps to understand the different roles played by farmers’ collectives developing territorial supply chains in the different types of farms, by analysing during which phases of the trajectory they intervene, to provide access to which resources, in articulation with which other actors. Although the interests for participation vary between the different types of farms, it appears that the farmers’ collective developing territorial supply chains systematically give access to commercial, cognitive, social and material resources. As a result, they favour access to strategic resources on the farms, making it possible to couple changes in agricultural practices and thei","PeriodicalId":280925,"journal":{"name":"Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140968495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carrières d’algorithmes : la détection automatique de motifs dans des graphes (années 1950–1970). Contribution à l’histoire des premiers apports des sciences sociales à l’informatique","authors":"Sébastien Plutniak","doi":"10.46298/arcs.10756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/arcs.10756","url":null,"abstract":"Plutniak, Sébastien. 2021. “Assyrian Merchants meet Nuclear Physicists: History of the Early Contributions from Social Sciences to Computer Science. The Case of Automatic Pattern Detection in Graphs (1950s–1970s)”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 46, 4, p. 547-568, doi: 10.1080/03080188.2021.1877502.\u0000 La détection de communautés est une question centrale en analyse de réseaux. Cet article combine une approche socio-historique à la reconstruction expérimentale de programmes informatiques afin d'éclairer l'histoire des premiers algorithmes de détection de cliques, problème qui compte encore aujourd'hui parmi les problèmes NP-complets non résolus. Restituer les recherches menées par l'archéologue Jean-Claude Gardin depuis les années 1950 sur le traitement de l'information non numérique et l'analyse de graphes met en évidence ces contributions précoces à l'informatique réalisées depuis les sciences humaines et sociales. Ces applications originales de l'informatique aux humanités ont reçu une réception et une reconnaissance limitées. Ce fait est éclairé par deux facteurs : 1) les politiques de financement, qui ont motivé le transfert des efforts de recherche sur les graphes depuis un éphémère espace interdisciplinaire vers des organisations de recherche en informatique, domaine alors émergent ; 2) les carrières erratiques des algorithmes, où l'efficacité, les erreurs, les corrections et le statut des auteurs ont été des facteurs déterminants. Ces facteurs se combinent aux effets des historiographies et des bibliographies sur la conservation, la découvrabilité et la réutilisation des résultats scientifiques.","PeriodicalId":280925,"journal":{"name":"Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales","volume":" 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140685449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collective dimension of social innovation projects: the contribution of relational chains","authors":"Marie Ferru, Jade Omer","doi":"10.46298/arcs.10859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/arcs.10859","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous projects, which today are described as social innovations, are being developed in response to the recent crises to meet various unsatisfied social needs (housing, climate, ageing, inequalities, etc.). Their highly collective nature implies a better understanding of the ways in which the partners involved in these projects are connected, which we propose to do using the relational chain method. The data collected using this method highlights the significant use of non-personal arrangements (circles and calls for projects) to obtain the support of institutions (local authorities) or organisations (foundations); interpersonal relationships—essentially professional—appear to be mobilised less frequently and mainly to access the world of research.\u0000 De nombreux projets qualifiés aujourd'hui d'innovation sociale se développent face aux crises récentes pour répondre à différents besoins sociaux non satisfaits (logement, climat, vieillissement, inégalités, etc.). Leur nature éminemment collective implique de mieux comprendre les modalités de mise en relation des partenaires impliqués dans ces projets, ce que nous nous proposons de faire en mobilisant la méthode des chaines relationnelles. Les données collectées grâce à cette méthode mettent en évidence le recours important aux dispositifs non personnels (cercles de l'ESS et appels à projets) pour obtenir le support d'institutions (collectivités) ou d'organisations (fondations) ; les relations interpersonnelles-essentiellement professionnelles-apparaissent quant à elles mobilisées plus rarement et principalement pour accéder au monde de la recherche.","PeriodicalId":280925,"journal":{"name":"Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pratiques de l'analyse de réseau en géographie. Formations et emprunts disciplinaires","authors":"Élise Autrive, Laurent Beauguitte, N. Briot, Pauline Gourdon","doi":"10.46298/arcs.10787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/arcs.10787","url":null,"abstract":"Trois géographes ayant soutenu en 2021 et mobilisant des méthodes d'analyse de réseau issues d'autres disciplines (sociologie, informatique, physique) expliquent le choix des méthodes, des indicateurs et des logiciels utilisés dans leurs travaux. Iels insistent à la fois sur la faiblesse de la formation initiale et le rôle crucial de l'auto-formation. Les forces et faiblesses de l'analyse de réseau et des visualisations de type liens-noeuds sont enfin évoqués.","PeriodicalId":280925,"journal":{"name":"Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140080072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social network analysis applied to healthcare data: inventory, discussion and perspectives","authors":"C. Gandré","doi":"10.46298/arcs.9168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/arcs.9168","url":null,"abstract":"Compte rendu de la journée d'étude Araqnée (Analyse de Réseaux AppliQuée aux donNÉes de SantÉ)","PeriodicalId":280925,"journal":{"name":"Analyse de réseaux pour les sciences sociales","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129530328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}