Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects最新文献

{"title":"Engineering magnetite/poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for dual-mode hyperthermia and photothermal cancer therapy","authors":"Juan Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Mazen M. El-Hammadi ,&nbsp;Ana Medina-Moreno ,&nbsp;Fátima Fernández-Álvarez ,&nbsp;Guillermo R. Iglesias ,&nbsp;José L. Arias","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic nanoparticles gained interest in cancer therapy given their unique ability to serve as multifunctional agents for targeted treatment and imaging. Hybrid nanoparticles composed of magnetite and poly(butylcyanoacrylate) were developed and characterized for applications in hyperthermia and photothermal cancer therapy. Emulsion polymerization and single organic phase techniques were optimized to achieve hybrid particles with uniform size distribution and high production yields. Characterization through electron microscopy, FTIR, and electrokinetic analysis confirmed the encapsulation of magnetite cores within a poly(butylcyanoacrylate) shell, with formulation <em>F</em>6, produced by the single organic phase, exhibiting the most efficient coating and optimal colloidal stability (size ≈ 240 nm; PdI ≈ 0.16; <em>ζ</em> potential ≈ −20 mV). The nanohybrids demonstrated superparamagnetic behavior with enhanced magnetic properties, including a saturation magnetization of ≈ 70 kA/m. Power absorption measurements of heating efficiency analysis revealed efficient heat generation with a temperature increase (<em>Δ</em>T) of ≈ 10 °C and a specific absorption rate, SAR, of ≈ 66 W/g under an alternating magnetic field. In addition, photothermal evaluations confirmed the NPs’ capability to achieve localized heating, with temperature increases proportional to laser power, reaching <em>Δ</em>T ≈ 12 °C at 55 % power. Biocompatibility assessments showed excellent hemocompatibility, minimal cytotoxicity, and negligible immune activation, confirming their apparent safety for biomedical use. These findings position these nanocomposites as promising candidates for precision cancer therapies which could be activated by location-specific signal sources. Future work may include enhancing long-term stability, validating therapeutic efficacy <em>in vivo</em>, and integrating diagnostic functionalities to establish them as versatile theranostic platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138619"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient degradation of emerging pharmaceuticals in contaminated wastewater using a titanate nanotube coating: Reusability, stability, and mechanisms","authors":"Pável César Hernández-Del Castillo ,&nbsp;Brianda Gabriela Robledo-Trujillo ,&nbsp;Alejandro Pérez-Larios ,&nbsp;Vicente Rodríguez-González","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen titanate nanowires were doped with nitrogen at 2 (2TitaN) and 5 (5TitaN) wt% by the hydrothermal method. These powders were deposited on glass substrates as coatings and their physicochemical properties were analyzed by the DRS, FTIR, Raman, XRD and EDS techniques. SEM images displayed a rough morphology with average coating thickness of 2.48 µm. The photocatalytic activity of the 5TitaN powders was evaluated by removing amlodipine besylate (AMLO), reaching up to 95.94 % of degradation percentage and a rate constant (k_app) of 0.0087 min⁻¹ after 240 min. Meanwhile, the 5TitaN coating accomplished 91.69 % of AMLO degradation and k_app= 0.0075 min⁻¹ under the same reaction conditions. Hence, the photocatalytic performance of the coatings was 10.42 % more efficient than that of the powders after 5 reuse cycles. Besides, hydroxyl radicals were found as the main oxidizing species in the AMLO degradation. The reaction pathway was revealed through the UV–vis, TOC, FTIR and HPLC techniques, which confirmed the presence of some by-products as the result of the drug colloidal degradation. The hemolysis test carried out using the 5TitaN material determined non-toxicity in humans, achieving 1.72 and 2.19 %, before and after reaction, respectively. According to this fact, the 5TitaN coating can be considered as a practical and efficient photocatalyst for degrading contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in wastewater, due to its easy handling and recovery, high photocatalytic performance after reuse and eco-friendly features.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138684"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photo-Fenton enhanced self-floating Z-scheme Prussian blue/Mn3O4 heterojunction for efficient levofloxacin degradation: Mechanism, pathway and DFT analysis","authors":"Fenfen Xi ,&nbsp;Mengyuan Yue ,&nbsp;Jinhui Zhao ,&nbsp;Kongliang Xie ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Ma ,&nbsp;Xiyu Song ,&nbsp;Liping Liang ,&nbsp;Aiqin Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study constructed a Z-scheme p-n heterojunction (M-PB) using n-type Prussian blue (PB) and p-type Mn₃O₄, immobilized on cellulose aerogel (M-PB-AG), for levofloxacin (LVF) degradation via photo-Fenton technology. Optical and electrochemical characterization confirmed the successful Z-scheme heterojunction formation, with optimized band alignment enabling efficient electron transfer from PB to Mn₃O₄ while suppressing charge recombination. The experimental results demonstrated a strong synergistic effect between Mn₃O₄ and PB (74.2 %), photocatalysis (Vis) and the Fenton reaction (H₂O₂) (65.8 %). In Vis/H₂O₂/M-PB-AG system at pH = 5, M-PB-AG achieve 93.9 % LVF degradation in 60 min. The Vis/H₂O₂/M-PB-AG system degraded LVF mainly via non-radical ¹O₂, with additional h⁺/e⁻ and O₂^•− contributions. Fe/Mn valence cycling enabled continuous reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, maintaining 80.1 % efficiency after 5 cycles. Continuous flow experiments confirmed practical application potential. The process remained effective regardless of pH, ions, organics, or oxygen. DFT and LC-MS revealed degradation pathways and product toxicity. This work provides new insights for developing efficient photocatalysts for water treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138653"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electropolishing of NiTi wires using an eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent","authors":"Marvin Schuleit,&nbsp;Ilya Tumkin,&nbsp;Christian R. Günther,&nbsp;Simon L. Schenk,&nbsp;Philipp Maack,&nbsp;Cemal Esen,&nbsp;Andreas Ostendorf","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel-Titanium alloys are widely used in biomedical and industrial applications due to their unique shape memory and superelastic properties. However, optimizing the surface quality of NiTi wires is essential to enhance their performance and longevity. This study investigates the electropolishing of NiTi wires using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on choline chloride and ethylene glycol as a sustainable alternative to conventional electrolytes. The effects of applied voltage and processing time on surface quality were systematically studied. Surface characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy, white light interferometry, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with sputter-assisted analysis. Electropolishing at 11.5<!--> <!-->V yielded a gradual and homogeneous surface smoothing (Sa reduced from 0.62<!--> <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m to 0.39<!--> <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m after 30<!--> <!-->min), whereas 16<!--> <!-->V enabled a rapid decrease to Sa = 0.28<!--> <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m within 5<!--> <!-->min, albeit with less uniformity due to gas evolution. XPS with controlled sputtering revealed thinner oxide layers on electropolished samples compared to the chemically etched base material. Overall, the DES-based approach enables significant improvements in surface morphology and oxide reduction while minimizing environmental impact by eliminating hazardous acids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138372"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel innovative nanocomposite material corrosion inhibitor delivery system for highly efficient waterborne epoxy resin coating performance","authors":"Dongxia Huo ,&nbsp;Xin Li ,&nbsp;Bowen Yuan ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Xiayan Li ,&nbsp;Huan Yang ,&nbsp;Junhui Dong ,&nbsp;Ying Zhan ,&nbsp;Jun Liu ,&nbsp;Ding Nan","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the advancement of nanomaterials has demonstrated immense promise in enhancing the corrosion resistance of protective coatings. We have developed a nanomaterial that exhibits exceptional performance in corrosion inhibition encapsulation and controllable release. A novel zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) material was synthesized on graphene oxide (GO) substrate via in-situ growth approach, serving as an efficient carrier for the corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole (BTA). Building upon this, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was introduced to encapsulate ZIF-67/GO, thereby modulating the release of corrosion inhibitors. Subsequently, the composite filler (ZIF-67/GO@BTA/PEI) was incorporated into the WEP coating at mass ratios of 0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.3 %, respectively. In a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, a 240 h immersion period revealed that the composite coating specimen with ZIF-67/GO@BTA/PEI exhibited consistently superior corrosion resistance, retaining a high modulus of low-frequency impedance. At an addition level of 0.2 wt%, the value of the low-frequency impedance modulus (|<em>Z</em>|_0.01 Hz) hit 5.81 × 10⁹ Ω·cm². By harnessing the synergistic effects of active sustained release and a passive lamellar barrier mechanism, the waterborne epoxy resin (WEP) coating was endowed with superior resistance and highly effective corrosion protection. The composite coating sample exhibits significant potential for practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138655"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carboxylation of pyruvate with CO2 into the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle promoted by water microdroplets","authors":"Yaqi Liu ,&nbsp;Jie Jiang ,&nbsp;Yun Ju ,&nbsp;Jing He ,&nbsp;Hong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Zhao ,&nbsp;Lina Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyruvate, serving as a bridge between the linear acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle, is of prime importance for life evolution. However, the carboxylation of pyruvate with carbon dioxide (CO₂) followed by coupling into the rTCA cycle remains challenging in prebiotic chemistry. Here, we present that pyruvate spontaneously undergoes carboxylation with CO_2, giving oxaloacetate, malate, and fumarate of the rTCA cycle in water microdroplets at room temperature without catalysts. The current pathway that pyruvate directly uses CO₂ as a carbon source depends on the microdroplet surface, distinct from the previously reported pathway using glyoxylate. These findings suggested that pyruvate may have participated in the cycle of enzyme-free carbon fixation on a prebiotic Earth. Furthermore, the widespread microdroplets in the atmosphere may also have acted as a potential synthesis setting for CO₂ fixation and utilization. This offers a promising strategy for climate change control and the promotion of sustainable carbon cycling in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138671"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green in situ co-amorphization strategy by introducing small molecular coformers: Mechanistic understanding and enhanced dissolution of ketoprofen with complexation","authors":"Jiawei Han ,&nbsp;Weitao Fang ,&nbsp;Huizhen Sun ,&nbsp;Baimin Niu ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoqian Liu ,&nbsp;Jue Wang ,&nbsp;Gaorong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past half century, the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs has long been a major challenge in pharmaceutics. As in-depth research on amorphization strategies progresses, <em>in situ</em> amorphization has emerged as an effective solubilization approach, avoiding production and stability concerns of other methods. This study aimed to design <em>in situ</em> co-amorphous combinations of ketoprofen (KET) with small-molecule coformers (L-lysine, L-arginine, meglumine) and explore the mechanism of humidity-mediated <em>in situ</em> co-amorphization. When these combinations contacted water, gradual co-amorphization was confirmed by PLM, PXRD, DSC and FTIR analyses. Results indicated that such co-amorphization process was significantly affected by the molar ratio of components, ambient temperature and pH of aqueous media, which were related to intermolecular interactions, molecular motion and reaction microenvironment. Compared to crystalline KET, the three combinations showed 6.08–7.02 times increase in apparent solubility as well as 2318.81–3620.48 times improvement in intrinsic dissolution rate. Moreover, they sustained long-term supersaturation, attributed to complexation reaction of KET and coformer validated <em>via</em> phase solubility and nucleation inhibition tests. Overall, this study proposes an <em>in situ</em> co-amorphous combination strategy induced by humidity and reveals such amorphization mechanism, efficiently addressing the poor water solubility of drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138576"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superhydrophobic graphite/TiO2 micro-nano composite coatings: Fabrication and properties","authors":"Yankun Li,&nbsp;Wenyi Deng,&nbsp;Ziyang Meng,&nbsp;Yaxin Su","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Superhydrophobic surfaces play an important role in applications such as self-cleaning, anti-corrosion and anti-icing due to their unique wettability. In this work, a one-step spraying method was developed to fabricate superhydrophobic coatings on the surface of 304 stainless steel (SLS). To enhance surface roughness, TiO₂ was deposited on graphite particles via sol-gel method. Hydrophobic modification of epoxy resin was then achieved using KH550 to graft perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTES). Orthogonal experiments were employed to investigate the optimal preparation parameters for modified particles, while the components ratios in the coatings were determined via the control variable method. The prepared coating exhibited a water contact angle (WCA) of up to 162.6 ± 1.5° and a sliding angle (SA) as low as 2.0 ± 0.2°, along with strong adhesion to the substrate and remarkable impact resistance. Moreover, it demonstrated long-term stability under harsh conditions, including both strong acid (pH = 1) and strong alkali (pH = 14) environments, as well as high temperatures up to 350 °C. Electrochemical tests revealed that the superhydrophobic SLS achieved an ultrahigh corrosion inhibition rate (<em>η</em>_CIR) of 99.89 % compared to the raw SLS. The developed one-step spraying method offers a simple, scalable, and versatile fabrication approach, demonstrating significant potential for enhancing the long-term durability and corrosion resistance of metallic surfaces in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138690"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic electronic transfer, π-π interactions, and wetting effects drive quinoline hydrogenation over in-situ N-doped carbon-encapsulated Co/SiO2 catalysts","authors":"Yue Tang,&nbsp;Baoyu Li,&nbsp;Bin Wan,&nbsp;Hejun Gao,&nbsp;Hongquan Fu,&nbsp;Jinming Chang,&nbsp;Fang Liao,&nbsp;Juan Zhang,&nbsp;Yunwen Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Catalytic hydrogenation, balancing efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability, is a cornerstone of chemical synthesis. However, cobalt catalysts, despite their reactivity, suffer from thermal instability at high temperatures. To address this challenge, we herein propose a facile strategy integrating adsorption, high-temperature calcination-reduction, and encapsulation: The silica rich in oxygen-containing functional groups is used to adsorb cobalt ions for synthesizing Co₃O₄/SiO₂, followed by pyrolysis of nitrogen-containing polymers to fabricate carbon-encapsulated Co/SiO₂@NC catalysts with strong metal-support interactions (SMSI). The catalyst features uniformly distributed cobalt nanoparticles (13 nm) embedded within a nitrogen-doped carbon layer, demonstrating high activity (apparent rate constant <em>k</em>_<em>s</em> = 0.013 m⁻² h⁻¹) and structural stability in quinoline hydrogenation. This low-cost approach opens a new avenue for the practical utilization of cobalt-based catalysts. The nitrogen-doped carbon materials not only serve as adsorption sites for quinoline but also stabilizes cobalt nanoparticles via pyridinic nitrogen on its surface with hydrophobic sites. The cobalt nanoparticles act as active sites for catalytic hydrogenation, while hydrogen dissociation is identified as the rate-determining step. Pyridinic nitrogen atoms on the Co/SiO₂@NC are electron-deficient, while cobalt nanoparticles are electron-rich. Kinetics show first-order dependence on H₂ and zero-order on quinoline, with enhanced hydrophobicity boosting activity. This work advances cobalt catalyst design through nanostructure control, optimized metal-support interactions, and efficient electron transfer, providing a blueprint for next-generation hydrogenation catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138654"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High performance flame protection epoxy coatings enabled by dual-modified TA-Fe complexes and ZnSn(OH)6@P-N microspheres","authors":"Fei Zhong ,&nbsp;Xubin Yang ,&nbsp;Chunlin Chen ,&nbsp;Yingqing Zhan ,&nbsp;Xinyu Bai ,&nbsp;Wenjin He ,&nbsp;Liyun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here, a high P, N-containing microsphere (PZM) was synthesized from hydroxyl/amino-rich dopamine and hexachlorocyclotriphosphonitrile (HCCP). As an organic additive, PZM provided inherent flame-retardant activity and good dispersion in the epoxy matrix. Zinc hydroxystannate nanoparticles (ZHS) and a tannic acid–iron complex (TA-Fe) were then assembled on the PZM surface in a gradient manner to form a multilayered nano flame retardant (PZM/ZHS@TA-Fe). This hybrid not only preserved the flame-retardant role of PZM but also imparted stronger metal-catalyzed carbonization capability, enhancing thermal barrier performance and char densification. The PZM/ZHS@TA-Fe/EP coating showed a minimum backside temperature of 170.6 ± 2.1 ℃ in large-plate tests, 36.79 % lower than pure EP, and formed a denser, more intact char. Furnace chamber tests revealed an expansion height of 23.8 ± 0.93 mm (expansion rate 18.45 ± 0.73), confirming excellent thermal insulation. Moreover, its smoke density rating (40.5 ± 1.62 %) was 38.73 % lower than that of pure EP, indicating remarkable smoke suppression. These results demonstrated that the proposed nano flame retardant effectively reinforced char formation capability and fire protection of waterborne epoxy intumescent coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138670"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}