{"title":"Introduction to the Quantum Realm","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108883719.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883719.017","url":null,"abstract":"Q uantum mechanics describes nature at very small scales – at the atomic and subatomic levels, but quantum effects have been observed in large molecules as well. The idea that our everyday world is made from small particles, which we call atoms, dates to the ancient Greeks. Today we think of atoms as small spherical objects that are ten-billionths of a meter in diameter. This measurement (10 × 10−10 m) is so common that it has a special name – the Angstrom – and a special symbol, Å. Objects that are angstrom-sized behave very differently than objects the size of everyday objects like tennis balls and automobiles. Because humans grow up looking at and manipulating everyday objects, most people do not have any intuition about how angstrom-sized objects behave until they have been educated in modern physics. While Democritus of Abdera came up with the idea of atoms more than 2500 years ago and our understanding of chemistry has evolved over many centuries, our understanding of quantum mechanics was developed mostly over the past 125 years. Information theory concerns how information is stored, communicated and quantified. Although humans have been storing and communicating information for thousands of years, our mathematical understanding of what information actually is dates to a paper by Claude Shannon from 1948, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.”1 Among other things, the paper introduced the term “bit,”","PeriodicalId":278337,"journal":{"name":"Law and Policy for the Quantum Age","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124861854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Birth of Quantum Computing","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108883719.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883719.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":278337,"journal":{"name":"Law and Policy for the Quantum Age","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123912868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Stuart, Nathan Jepson, Christopher Hearse, Rachel Leach, Lucie Haskins, Randy Comer, D. Futato
{"title":"Understanding Computation","authors":"T. Stuart, Nathan Jepson, Christopher Hearse, Rachel Leach, Lucie Haskins, Randy Comer, D. Futato","doi":"10.1017/9781108883719.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883719.007","url":null,"abstract":"Interpretation Abstract interpretation gives us a way of approaching a problem that’s somehow too difficult to handle, perhaps because it’s too large, too complex, or has too many unknowns to be tackled directly. The main idea of abstract interpretation is to use an abstraction, a model of the real problem that discards enough detail to make it manageable—perhaps by making it smaller, simpler, or by eliminating unknowns—but that also retains enough detail to make its solution relevant to the original problem.interpretation gives us a way of approaching a problem that’s somehow too difficult to handle, perhaps because it’s too large, too complex, or has too many unknowns to be tackled directly. The main idea of abstract interpretation is to use an abstraction, a model of the real problem that discards enough detail to make it manageable—perhaps by making it smaller, simpler, or by eliminating unknowns—but that also retains enough detail to make its solution relevant to the original problem. To make this vague idea more concrete, let’s look at a simple application of abstract interpretation.","PeriodicalId":278337,"journal":{"name":"Law and Policy for the Quantum Age","volume":"20 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115528873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantum Sensing and Metrology","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108883719.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883719.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":278337,"journal":{"name":"Law and Policy for the Quantum Age","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124093765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Appendices","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108883719.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883719.016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":278337,"journal":{"name":"Law and Policy for the Quantum Age","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130344638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantum Technologies and Possible Futures","authors":"C. Hoofnagle, S. Garfinkel","doi":"10.1017/9781108883719.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883719.013","url":null,"abstract":"What are the most likely paths for quantum technologies? Are we facing a future where quantum technologies are the domain of governments, with asymmetric powers to collect information about us and to make sense of it? Or might the future bring some other landscape, where quantum technologies protect the communications of the average person and quantum sensing helps us diagnose and treat illness? This chapter uses scenario analysis to seed a policy discussion for quantum technologies. We envision four likely outcomes of the quantum technology race, and these different visions provide motivation for contemplating the strategic, political, and social dimensions of quantum technologies. The next chapter considers how different policy measures could address these risks.","PeriodicalId":278337,"journal":{"name":"Law and Policy for the Quantum Age","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121596323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantum Computing Today","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108883719.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883719.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":278337,"journal":{"name":"Law and Policy for the Quantum Age","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125447917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108883719.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883719.020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":278337,"journal":{"name":"Law and Policy for the Quantum Age","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128202811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantum Computing Applications","authors":"A. Montanaro","doi":"10.1017/9781108883719.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883719.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":278337,"journal":{"name":"Law and Policy for the Quantum Age","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134326408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Quantum Age: Conclusions","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108883719.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883719.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":278337,"journal":{"name":"Law and Policy for the Quantum Age","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115539377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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