Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity最新文献

{"title":"Improving Data Collection With In-Line Inspection in Low-Pressure Gas Distribution Networks","authors":"Johannes Becker, C. Richards, Guenter Sundag, Ronald Wittig","doi":"10.1115/IPC2020-9481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2020-9481","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A large majority of urban gas distribution pipelines are designed to accommodate future integrity management surveys with in-line inspection (ILI) tools. However, even with typical inspection design parameters considered, many pipelines end up on a “difficult-to-inspect” list and/or fall into a “gray” zone. Often this is due to operational parameters, which may have adverse effects on how in-line inspection technologies perform during a survey. One of these effects may be stop-start behaviors of the tool itself. Although most segments meet minimum technical specifications to conduct ILI surveys, vintage pipeline design practices, such as numerous 1.5D bends, multiple heavy wall transitions, and narrow ID fittings, consistently present ongoing issues when running ILI tools in gas distribution lines. The first assessment characteristically indicates that standard inspection tools are viable solutions for these types of pipelines, but results from previous inspections typically indicate, after the first inspection of the pipeline, that standard technologies should not be applied, or rather, do not deliver satisfactory results. New methodologies and technologies are required to reduce, if not eliminate, the incidents of stationary tools and the resultant areas of degraded data while improving overall data quality.\u0000 In the end, operators consider these lines a critically important component of their entire system and are keen to gain a clear picture of the assets’ integrity. Suitable in-line inspection solutions are therefore in demand to instill confidence in the assets safe and efficient operation.\u0000 This paper outlines several elements, including technologies, procedures, or mechanical adaptations, that are often overlooked when selecting and applying inspection and/or cleaning technologies to these gray-zone pipelines. Applying these elements may allow for inspection tools to traverse various obstacles and debris fields encountered while still providing high-resolution data sets.\u0000 A detailed case study of a NPS 08” pipeline will be used to support the content. This pipeline did not provide the required operational parameters to gather acceptable data when utilizing standard ILI technologies.\u0000 This NPS 08” line contained various challenges, such as:\u0000 • Unknown or unreliable pipeline information, specifically for bend radii and wall thicknesses\u0000 • No previous cleaning and inspection records\u0000 • Low operational pressures of 1000 to 2100 kPa\u0000 • Pipeline length over 100 km\u0000 • MOP restrictions did not allow for higher pressures\u0000 • Flow rate was only available within limited windows\u0000 • Cleanliness was unknown and assumed to be a concern\u0000 • Pipe grade documentation required verification\u0000 Many technical challenges were encountered in the initial stages of the project. The lessons learned will be discussed and outlined to better support the approach chosen. In the end, tailored geometry and low-friction MFL technologies, capable of safely traversing the pip","PeriodicalId":273758,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134130485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical Analysis of Dig Operations Leading to Productive Repairs","authors":"Ye. A. Petrov, J. Dubuc, Michael H. Murray, T. Edward","doi":"10.1115/IPC2020-9493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2020-9493","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Inline inspection data from several runs spanning many years is available for individual pipeline segments, but compilation of this data into a comprehensive picture of pipeline integrity necessarily relies on computational tools. A critical advantage of modern data storage, analysis, and visualization techniques is the relative ease of performing statistical assessments of integrity operations. Data from a single user of OneBridge Solution’s software may comprise over 1,000 in-line inspections (ILI) runs, hundreds of pipe segments, several million aligned anomalies, and thousands of repair records. Automated alignment of ILI data allows a single physical anomaly to be reliably tracked through many years of growth and repeated measurement and then correlated to repair records.\u0000 We present a study of cases where ILI anomaly measurements warranted a dig operation in which repair actions were either performed or found to be unnecessary. The fraction of dig operations leading to a productive repair varies with the condition triggering the dig and discretionary choices about dig condition parameters. The analysis is done through the exploration of different methods of corrosion growth forecasting in use by operators and how they compare. The measures that have been taken into consideration for the purpose of this study include half-life vs. pit-to-pit where the effectiveness of identifying and mitigating fast-growing anomalies is compared across models. Further exploration of how forecasting and building a dig program based on pit-to-pit alignments and a comprehensive growth model through the advances in data science and machine learning can bring efficiency improvements and an overall reduction in risk.\u0000 We analyze the relationship between these parameters, ILI measurements, repair-to-dig ratios and the impact on operational spend. We examine whether a reduction in overall inspection frequency and expenses is possible through advanced growth modeling. Ultimately this would provide a more accurate view of long-term operating costs and allow for operators to consider scenarios relating to repair and replacement of assets.","PeriodicalId":273758,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124948461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation and Monitoring of Synthetic Crack-Like Features in Pipeline Materials Using Cyclic Pressure Loading","authors":"C. Alexander, J. Rickert, R. Dotson, F. Freitas, S. Slater, Christopher De Leon","doi":"10.1115/IPC2020-9781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2020-9781","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Crack management has become a major focus for many gas and liquid transmission pipeline operators. Failures associated with crack-like features have been a concern for both pipe operators and regulatory agencies. As a result, pipeline operators are excavating large numbers of features for not only in-line inspection (ILI) validation purposes, but also to make repairs. Additionally, ILI technologies have advanced significantly in recent years and are identifying an increasing number of features with greater levels of accuracy. With increased data generation, operators are faced with an unprecedented amount of information that requires response prioritization.\u0000 Because of high levels of conservatism associated with today’s assessment methods, pipeline operators are spending a significant amount of capital excavating crack-like features. There is a need for improved assessment methods that integrates testing simulated / synthetic crack-like features. This paper will provide details on a study funded to systematically generate crack-like features in pipeline materials with the application of cyclic internal pressure loading. Synthetic crack-like features were generated in 12.75-inch × 0.250-inch, Grade X42 pipe material using electronic discharge machining (EDM) to form notches. Notch depths were 10% of the nominal wall thickness and ranged from 1-inch to 3-inches in length. The pipe samples were then pressure cycled to achieve microcracking at the base of each notch.\u0000 Initial stages of the program involved sectioning features to quantify crack growth levels. Once a systematic process for growing cracks from EDM starter notches had been validated, testing involved cyclic pressure fatigue to failure and burst testing. The advantage with the crack generation methodology used in this study was the ability to generate sharp, crack-like features without altering the microstructure of the pipe material in the vicinity of the feature. Programs such as the one presented in this paper are useful for both generating features in pipeline materials and quantifying behavior of pipeline materials subjected to cyclic pressure and burst loading.","PeriodicalId":273758,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121165168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrity Management of Flange Connections Using Reliability Model","authors":"S. Haider, M. Sen, Doug Lawrence, Angela Rodayan","doi":"10.1115/IPC2020-9512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2020-9512","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There is demonstrated potential for failures to occur on station piping assets in facilities, therefore it is critical to take measures to manage preventable releases. In 2018, Enbridge developed a reliability model that uses available asset information to quantify the likelihood of failure of station piping assets. Enbridge based this model on the CFER PIRIMID software, with some modifications to minimize the use of default values and to meet the company’s integrity management program requirements. With successful implementation of station piping model, Enbridge realized opportunity to develop a much-needed flange model leveraging the station piping model.\u0000 Historical leak data indicates that flanged connections often experience a higher leak frequency than other assets in a facility. While there are industry guidelines that provide guidance for the assembly of process flange connections in a facility, there are few that discuss integrity management of flange connections once they are operational. Most published condition assessment flange models require inputs which are not readily available, e.g. condition of flange faces and gaskets. These inputs often require the flange to be disassembled just to obtain the data. For pipeline operators, data gathering is even more challenging as there are stations (with numerous flanges) that are spread out along the entire pipeline.\u0000 Given the high number of flange connections and their wide variation in parameters within transmission pipeline facilities, there is benefit in developing a reliability-based model to guide the integrity management of flange connections. A reliability model that works in two stages was developed for this purpose. The pre-inspection assessment stage was designed to utilize available inputs to prioritize groups of flanges for inspection, and the post-inspection assessment (second) stage is then applied to select the specific flanges that require maintenance action.\u0000 Enbridge utilized industry guidelines, relevant standards, historical failure data, and subject matter experts’ inputs to develop the station piping and flange models. This paper will discuss the design concepts, model architectures, the contributing factors, and their sensitivities to the likelihood of failure results. These concepts may be utilized by any operator managing such assets, and the model designs may be tailored to suit a wide range of facility environments.","PeriodicalId":273758,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121263331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating Inline Inspection Internal Measurement Unit Data Analysis Into Integrity Management Programs","authors":"Douglas Dewar","doi":"10.1115/IPC2020-9495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2020-9495","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Inline Inspection Internal Measurement Unit (ILI IMU) data analysis is a well understood but often under-utilized technology for detecting, defining, assessing and monitoring soil to pipeline interactions. The technology has been successfully used to detect landslide interactions since 1996 [1]. Operators can be provided with a vendor analysis (initial bending strain or run to run movements) and/or processed raw data for either internal or third-party raw data Analysis [2]. Vendor Analysis typically identifies major soil/pipeline interactions but primarily reports dig related settlements [3] and static construction related features. Raw data analysis is typically used to define interactions and provide detailed pipe shapes and deformations within targeted pipeline segments.\u0000 An approach for determining ILI IMU analysis/data requirements for individual ILI run segments for any size of pipeline system is presented. Guidelines for analysis are provided for Operators to optimize efforts based on the hazards encountered in individual pipelines or pipeline systems. The process includes feature screening, integrity/geotechnical specialist review and risk control/mitigation measures, if required.\u0000 To facilitate the feature screening process, a classification system for ILI IMU features is presented based on their type, activity and source modified from the system presented in [3].","PeriodicalId":273758,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116649369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability-Based Assessment of Safe Excavation Pressure for Dented Pipelines","authors":"Chike Okoloekwe, M. Fowler, A. Virk, N. Yoosef-Ghodsi, Muntaseer Kainat","doi":"10.1115/IPC2020-9399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2020-9399","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Dents in a pipe result in alteration of its structural response when subjected to internal pressure. Excavation activities further lead to change in load and boundary conditions of the pipe segment which may exacerbate the stress state within the dented region. Depending on the severity of a dent, excavation under full operating pressure may lead to failure, injuries or fatalities. Although uncommon, an incident has been reported on a gas pipeline where a mechanical damage failed during investigation leading to one death and one injury [10]. While current pipeline regulations require that operators must depressurize a line to ensure safe working conditions during repair activities, there are no detailed provisions available in the codes or standards on how an operator should determine such a safe excavation pressure (SEP). As a result, the safe excavation process of dents has received attention in the industry in recent years.\u0000 A detailed review of the recent research on dent SEP showed that the current recommendations are primarily dependent on one of two aspects: careful assessment of inline inspection (ILI) data, or a fitness for service (FFS) assessment of the dent feature leveraging numerical models. Enbridge Liquid Pipelines had previously demonstrated a feature specific assessment approach which incorporated both ILI data and finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the SEP. This assessment also accounted for uncertainties associated with material properties and ILI tool measurement. In the previous publication, the authors demonstrated a methodology for assessing the SEP of dents at a conceptual level from both deterministic and reliability-based standpoints. In this paper, a validation study has been performed to compare the results of fracture mechanics based FEA models against ten full scale burst tests available in literature. The study showed good agreement of the burst pressure of dent-crack defects predicted by FEA models with those observed in the full-scale tests. The assessment method is further streamlined by incorporating the API 579 [14] Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) method on an uncracked FEA model as opposed to explicitly incorporating the crack geometry in the FEA model. The results of FEA in conjunction with FAD are compared with the full-scale tests to ensure accuracy and conservatism of burst pressure prediction. A reliability-based approach is then designed which accounts for the uncertainties associated with the analysis. A case study is presented where the reliability-based SEP assessment method has been implemented and feature specific SEP has been recommended to ensure target reliability during excavation.","PeriodicalId":273758,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132973892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Pressure Fluctuations on the Early Onset of Stage II Growth of High pH Stress Corrosion Crack","authors":"H. Niazi, Hao Zhang, Lyndon Lamborn, Weixing Chen","doi":"10.1115/IPC2020-9511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2020-9511","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Steel pipelines undergo the following sequential stages prior to high pH stress corrosion cracking (HpHSCC) failure, viz., formation of environmental condition, initiation of the intergranular cracks followed by cracks coalescence to form critical crack size (Stage I), mechanically dictated crack growth with higher rate (Stage II) compared to Stage I, rapid crack propagation to failure (Stage III). From fracture mechanics perspective, the crack size reaches the critical value at the onset of stage II; consequently, stress intensity factor (K) ahead of the crack tip exceed the critical value (KISCC). Although many researches have been devoted to understanding HpHSCC behavior, the mechanical conditions that accelerate the onset of stage II remains unknown. This study investigates the mechanical loading conditions that yield to early onset of stage II with respect to the most severe loading condition in operating pipeline, underload-minor-cycle type of pressure fluctuation. In this study, several loading scenarios were applied to pre-cracked CT specimens exposed to 1 N NaHCO3-1N Na2CO3 at 40° C and −590 mVSCE. The first series of tests were conducted through applying variable amplitude loading waveforms to determine the K value below the KISCC. It was observed the crack growth rate decreases from 1.5 × 10−7 mm/s to 2.5 × 10−8 mm/s when Kmax decreases from 36 to 15 MPa·m0.5. Then, both constant amplitude and variable amplitude loading scenarios with the Kmax = 15 MPa·m0.5 were applied to pre-cracked CT specimens. It was observed that low R-ratio constant amplitude cycles yield to highest crack growth rate (3.6 × 10−7 mm/s), which was one order of magnitude higher than other waveforms. However, comparing the intergranular crack advancement per block resulted in similar crack growth rates for those waveforms containing low R-ratio cycles. These results imply that stage I of crack growth is assisted by fatigue due to low R-ratio cycles. It was observed that loading/unloading frequency of low R-ratio cycles has a direct relation with crack growth rate at stage I, i.e., high frequency cycles accelerate onset of stage II. The implication of these results for pipeline operator is that pressure fluctuation, particularly large and rapid pressure fluctuation at the sites susceptible to HpHSCC, threatens the pipeline integrity. Avoiding such pressure fluctuations, if possible, increase pipeline lifespan and prevents catastrophic damages by intergranular stress corrosion crack growth through delaying the onset of stage II of HpHSCC crack growth.","PeriodicalId":273758,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114594418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Data Driven Validation of a Defect Assessment Model and its Safe Implementation","authors":"S. Kariyawasam, Shenwei Zhang, Jason Yan","doi":"10.1115/IPC2020-9690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2020-9690","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents data analytics that demonstrates the safe implementation of defect assessment models which use uncertain measurements of defect and material properties as inputs. Even though this validation is done for a corrosion assessment model implementation, it can be generalized for any defect assessment validation where the inputs have uncertainty (as they do in implementation).\u0000 The questions arising from the validation of the Plausible Profiles (Psqr) model and related review led to a large amount of data analytics to demonstrate various aspects of safety in implementation. The data analytics demonstrates how the safety of model implementation can be verified using a well-designed set of data.\u0000 The validation of Psqr model was conducted on a unique set of data consisting of metal-loss corrosion clusters with Inline Inspection (ILI) reported size, laser scan-measured dimension, and well monitored burst testing pressure. Therefore, this validation provided an unprecedented set of validation data that could represent many perspectives, such as model performance (with all uncertainties associated with other parameters removed), in-the-ditch decision scenario, and ILI-based decision scenario. Moreover, the morphologies of the 30 corrosion clusters tested is a good representation of large corrosion clusters that have failed historically in the pipeline industry. One of learnings from post-ILI failures due to corrosion in the industry is that corrosion morphology played a significant role. Previous model validations were mostly performed on simple single anomalies or simple clusters with few individual corrosion anomalies. It is important that a corrosion model is validated using real corrosion morphologies that are representative of in-service conditions.\u0000 The analysis of this unprecedented and comprehensive set of data led to great learning and revealed how safety can be achieved optimally with good understanding of how uncertainties associated with ILI sizing error, material property, model error, and safety factors interact and play into integrity. It also revealed the role of common misunderstandings that are barriers to effective pipeline integrity assessment. Overcoming these misunderstandings have helped in developing a more effective ILI based corrosion management program that will avoid more failures and reduce unnecessary integrity actions.","PeriodicalId":273758,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114807420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pipeline Plain Dent Fatigue Assessment: Shedding Light on the API 579 Level 2 Fatigue Assessment Methodology","authors":"Z. Shirband, Adrian Gosselin, S. Guest, Lee Falcon","doi":"10.1115/IPC2020-9655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2020-9655","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For continued safe operation of pipelines, thousands of integrity digs are conducted every year to repair ILI detected defects. Integrity-driven pipeline excavations can be quite costly, present significant scheduling challenges with landowner consultation and seasonal access limitations, and an unmitigated defect may have required a pressure reduction or service outage, resulting in a loss of revenue from the asset. Dents are known to be one of the drivers for many integrity excavations, especially for liquid pipelines. A pipeline with a minimal mechanical deformation is not expected to fail immediately, however, severe pressure cycles combined with the geometric distortion can cause fatigue crack initiation and growth that can lead to failure. To account for the possibility of fatigue failure, recent changes to pipeline codes, such as CSA Z662, are requiring pipeline operators to repair any dent susceptible to fatigue failure unless an engineering assessment proves it is fit for service.\u0000 A commonly used dent fatigue assessment methodology is outlined in API RP 579, also known as the EPRG-2000 model. The assessment methodology uses an S-N curve from DIN 2413 part 1 with a safety factor of 10, which has been derived from undamaged pressurized pipe sections experiencing pressure cycles with stress ratios of zero, and separate stress enhancement factors for dents and gouges which take into account the shape of dents and gouges. To account for the effect of mean stress, Gerber mean stress correction, which has been developed for pressure cycles with stress ratios of −1 (i.e., for fatigue bar specimens), is also applied on pressure cycles. According to the literature, API 579 Level 2 fatigue assessment methodology results in very conservative estimates of fatigue lives compared to experimental data. This paper will discuss the potential factors resulting in conservative assessments and propose refinements in the methodology. This will include the safety factor used for pipes with known operating pressure fluctuations and the mean stress correction model suitable for a pipeline with pressure cycles that have R ratios greater than zero. The acceptable number of cycles obtained using the proposed refinements were compared to experimental data and EPRG-1995 model’s predictions — the comparison revealed that the proposed methodology results in a more realistic safety margin for dented pipelines. The proposed methodology can be used as a part of engineering assessments in mechanical damage integrity management programs to improve the pipeline operator’s understanding of a dent’s remaining life and enable a more appropriate repair timeline.","PeriodicalId":273758,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133988905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full Encirclement Engineered Laminated Steel Sleeve System for Repairs and Augmentation of Pipelines: The Engineering Development, Validation Test Results, and Implications for Mitigation of Both Stress and Strain Dependent Integrity Threats","authors":"S. Laughlin, K. Leewis, C. Alexander","doi":"10.1115/IPC2020-9303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2020-9303","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A full encirclement thin layer steel laminated sleeve system has been designed, developed, and optimized for pipeline integrity management applications. Development goals included the elimination of thixotropic concerns as well as the exclusion of the degradation of material properties of composite repairs. Elimination of cyclical fatigue of welded repairs and safety concerns associated with hot work were also considerations. The use of thin layer steel with a modulus matched to base pipe and steel’s homogenous isotropic properties enable axial calculations and evaluation of strain-based concerns. The thin layer steel laminated design results in extremely high fracture toughness and promotes intrinsic mitigation of potential future third party damage. The resulting system has demonstrated the reliable engineering data and analysis required for pipeline repairs and demonstrates applicability for the augmentation of existing pipes without defects.\u0000 An Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) has been completed. This ECA follows the industry’s precedents of ASME B31G and ASME PCC-2 Article 4 type assessments and provides operators with greater functionality. This ECA has been named the Leewis Augmentation Analysis (LAA) and is presented, reviewed, and discussed.\u0000 Third party full scale ASME PCC-2 style burst testing has been completed. The results are presented. Highly instrumented tests were also conducted to determine an effective modulus of elasticity of the installed system as well as a determination of any delay in system acceptance of load. As installed, an effective modulus of 14 million psig (96526.60 MP)a with loading in layer 3 of the laminate at only 50 micro strain is reviewed. Long term creep and cyclical fatigue testing of the steel/adhesive laminate is presented and reviewed. 10 million cycles at 50% of ultimate lap shear has been achieved, which exceeds current industry practice by several orders of magnitude. The classic metal loss defect mitigation principle is reviewed and updated in light of these available technical advances. Finally, the implications for mitigation of both stress and strain dependent integrity concerns is discussed.","PeriodicalId":273758,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130986173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}