{"title":"The Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol: An Update","authors":"H. Shapouri, J. Duffield, Michael Q. Wang","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.34075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.34075","url":null,"abstract":"Studies conducted since the late 1970s have estimated the net energy value (NEV) of corn ethanol. However, variations in data and assumptions used among the studies have resulted in a wide range of estimates. This study identifies the factors causing this wide variation and develops a more consistent estimate. We conclude that the NEV of corn ethanol has been rising over time due to technological advances in ethanol conversion and increased efficiency in farm production. We show that corn ethanol is energy efficient as indicated by an energy output:input ratio of 1.34.","PeriodicalId":267426,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Economics Reports","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115812302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Change in U.S. Livestock Production, 1969-92","authors":"W. McBride","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.262047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.262047","url":null,"abstract":"This report examines geographic changes in U.S. livestock production during 1969-92 from the standpoint of industry concentration and structure. Farm numbers declined 30 percent from 1969 to 1992, but hog and dairy operations were down 70 percent, farms producing eggs dropped 85 percent, and broiler operations declined 35 percent. Operations feeding cattle declined 40 percent from 1978 to 1992. Despite fewer farms, production was generally stable for most commodities with changes that reflected shifts in consumer demand for livestock products. With fewer farms producing more product, structural change in the production of most major livestock commodities was substantial. However, the magnitude and geography of change varied by commodity.","PeriodicalId":267426,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Economics Reports","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123625390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Casinos in the Upper Midwest : a discussion of the impacts","authors":"D. A. Bangsund, F. Leistritz","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.23459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.23459","url":null,"abstract":"The recent expansion and proliferation of legalized casino gaming has spurred debate at all levels of government. As a result, a number of studies have attempted to quantify many of the economic, social, and fiscal impacts of legalized casino gaming. This study reviewed existing literature on the effects of casino gaming in the Upper Midwest and discussed some of the issues associated with casino activities. The impacts of casino gaming have generally been evaluated at either the local and/or state or regional level. Positive economic impacts have been quantified more often than negative economic impacts. Few studies have attempted to quantify the social costs of casino gaming. The economic impacts of casino activities on local economies have generally been positive, with some debate over the magnitude or importance of those impacts. Other impacts at the local level have been mixed. The economic impacts on state economies are generally measured using gross economic indicators, such as primary and secondary employment and overall economic activity. Many issues remain regarding the real or true economic impacts to state economies, as many studies have not adequately addressed the issue of whether or not gaming revenues represent new wealth to the state. The debate over the impacts of casino gaming is likely to continue. The gambling industry has grown dramatically in many regions of the United States, and so have concerns over the long-term implications of expanded gambling activities.","PeriodicalId":267426,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Economics Reports","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130692440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Globalization of the Processed Foods Market","authors":"D. R. Henderson, C. Handy, S. Neff","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.262044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.262044","url":null,"abstract":"International commerce in processed foods substantially exceeds the value of unprocessed agricultural commodities and is expanding more rapidly. International trade in processed foods has been the most rapidly growing portion of world food and agricultural trade during the past decade. Even more significant, however, are sales from foreign affiliates of food manufacturing, grocery wholesaling and retailing, and food service firms. Foreign affiliation is acquired through foreign direct investment in foreign plants and facilities. U.S. food manufacturers' sales through foreign affiliates were more than quadruple the value of processed food exports from the United States. Foreign food manufacturers' sales through U.S. affiliates were more than double the value of processed food exports to the United States. Patterns of global commerce in processed foods are influenced by public policies addressing transportation, communication, rules for regional and multinational trade, food product and process standards, the environment, and intellectual property.","PeriodicalId":267426,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Economics Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126236249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Cotton Industry In The United States","authors":"E. H. Glade, L. Meyer, H. Stults","doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican07031909-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican07031909-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267426,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Economics Reports","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115969194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Fuglie, N. Ballenger, Kelly Day Rubenstein, C. Klotz, M. Ollinger, J. Reilly, U. Vasavada, J. Yee
{"title":"Agricultural Research and Development: Public and Private Investments Under Alternative Markets and Institutions","authors":"K. Fuglie, N. Ballenger, Kelly Day Rubenstein, C. Klotz, M. Ollinger, J. Reilly, U. Vasavada, J. Yee","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.262031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.262031","url":null,"abstract":"mpirical studies indicate high economic returns from the public's investment in agricultural research. Yet, even as society is placing broader demands on the research system, taxpayer support for public agricultural research is unlikely to increase. Stronger ownership rights for intellectual property have increased incentives for private investment in agricultural research, but key elements still require direct public support. The USDA is developing new mechanisms to build a more effective public-private partnership in agricultural research.","PeriodicalId":267426,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Economics Reports","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123330594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wheat: Background for 1995 Farm Legislation","authors":"L. Hoffman, G. V. Chomo, S. Schwartz","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.262016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.262016","url":null,"abstract":"This report address considerations in the 1995 farm bill debate for wheat, including market conditions, policy proposals, trade agreements, and the interactions between policy and markets for selected commodities. Surplus wheat stocks disappeared under the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990. The aggregate U.S. wheat sector appears in balance due, in part, to acreage reduction programs, the Conservation Reserve Program, and the Export Enhancement Program. However, some industry participants wonder whether wheat carryover levels are optimal and whether the public will approve a continuation of government expenditures near current levels, while others want to maintain low carryover stocks. Exports will likely be the largest source of demand growth for U.S. wheat for the remainder of the 1990s. Global wheat trade is expected to expand steadily through the 1990s at a rate higher than the 1980s, but well below the rate experienced in the 1970s. The U.S. market share is expected to drop slightly over the next decade to about 31 percent as competition increases in a growing world market. Issues for the 1995 farm legislation include levels of program benefits and costs, methods for calculating deficiency payments, the future of the Conservation Reserve Program, farm program cost containment, planting flexibility, wheat imports, marketing loan provisions, targeting benefits to producers, environmental quality, and the future of the Export Enhancement Program.","PeriodicalId":267426,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Economics Reports","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134373090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sugar: Background for 1995 Farm Legislation","authors":"R. Lord","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.262017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.262017","url":null,"abstract":"This report address considerations in the 1995 farm bill debate for sugar, including market conditions, policy proposals, trade agreements, and the interactions between policy and markets for selected commodities. Current U.S. sugar price support programs have their origin in 1981 legislation. The price support program has resulted in significant expansion of the industry in the last decade. Beet sugar production has expanded in many regions, but has contracted in some western regions, particularly California. Cane sugar production has expanded in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas, but has shrunk in Hawaii where costs are high. National average costs of producing beet and cane sugar have been declining in the last decade, and returns have exceeded costs. Average production costs of refined beet sugar are below those of refined cane sugar. Overall sugar demand has been growing at about 2 percent a year since 1986, when the rapid replacement of sugar by high-fructose corn syrup ended. Sugar imports under quota have fallen to levels close to the minimum provided by law. Prospects are for sugar production and consumption to continue to rise. No major impacts on the industry are expected from the GATT Uruguay Round or NAFTA.","PeriodicalId":267426,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Economics Reports","volume":"913 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116407080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Market-Oriented Agriculture: The Declining Role of Government Commodity Programs in Agricultural Production Decisions","authors":"P. Westcott","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.262026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.262026","url":null,"abstract":"The portion of U.S. agricultural production covered by government income support payments has declined over the span of the last two 5-year farm acts. Consequently, nongovernmental supply and demand factors (market forces) are becoming more important in influencing farmers' production decisions. This report illustrates how agricultural supply has moved toward greater reliance on market forces (market orientation) by examining the declining role of government commodity programs in production decisions for corn, wheat, rice, and upland cotton. Payment coverage ratios, which measure the percentage of expected production covered by deficiency payments (income support payments made by the Federal Government to producers of certain agricultural commodities), have decreased. Thus, the role of government commodity programs in influencing farmers' production decisions at both the individual farm and national (aggregate) levels has declined. As a result, the share of US. cropland on which planting decisions are made based on market signals has increased, a trend toward market orientation that began with the 1985 farm act and continued with 1990 farm legislation.","PeriodicalId":267426,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Economics Reports","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129566409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Expanding the North Dakota Input-Output Model to Include Recreation and Tourism","authors":"Randal C. Coon, T. Golz, J. Leitch","doi":"10.1080/07349165.1990.9725693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07349165.1990.9725693","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267426,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Economics Reports","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121022184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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