{"title":"Semiotactic Relations and Symbols","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108658683.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108658683.003","url":null,"abstract":"In the following sections the formalization and the relation symbols used in the notations will be explained and illustrated with examples to demonstrate how the semiotactic representations are compiled and how they could be interpreted. The goal of the semiotactic formalization is to provide a formula for each construction. A construction consists of a number of semantic particles related to each other by semiotactic relations that can be formalized by using symbols. In the formalizations we will mainly use English as a metalanguage to refer to the meanings (semantic particles) of the construction, but in some instances we will also use the ‘target language’ as the metalanguage (e.g. French, Dutch, German, Russian and Japanese). It should be noted that in most cases we do not provide definitions of the meanings or discuss whether the meanings are polysemous or not. Semantic particles (i.e. non-complex meanings) need not correlate only with words but may also correlate with (part of ) the meaning expressed by a morpheme. To give an example, the English plural form -s is part of a word but has its own contribution to the meaning, which must be semiotactically represented so that a distinction can be made between, for example, the dog and the dogs. Another example is the English semantic particle ‘un’, expressed by the morpheme unas in unkind, which does indeed contribute an added meaning to the word kind, i.e. a contrasting meaning. Of course, there are also many languages where a meaning that is expressed by a morpheme in English is expressed by a word, or vice versa. For the semiotactic representation it is irrelevant how a semantic particle is expressed (i.e. by a word or a morpheme), therefore this is not indicated in the formalization. At the same time, morphemes (or words) that do not contribute to meaning but have only a purely grammatical function are not semiotactically represented. An example is the English verb inflection -s, as in he walks,which does not indicate a difference in themeaning of ‘walk’ as compared with I walk, even though it only occurs in the case of a third person singular. For each element of an utterance the decision must be made as to whether and, if so, how it should be represented in the semiotactic notation. As the","PeriodicalId":267016,"journal":{"name":"Universal Semantic Syntax","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124459036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Word Order and Propositional Contents","authors":"E. Fortuin, H. Geerdink-Verkoren","doi":"10.1017/9781108658683.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108658683.018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267016,"journal":{"name":"Universal Semantic Syntax","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130653677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Basic Principles of the Formalization","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108658683.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108658683.013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267016,"journal":{"name":"Universal Semantic Syntax","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125464715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Negation","authors":"B. Schröder","doi":"10.1017/9781108658683.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108658683.008","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of negation is an important one since it has a bearing on the nature of truth itself. Negation involves firstly the denial of something and it cannot be said to be mere denial. The denial of something involves the apprehension of something that is other than that which is denied, whose place it has taken, or it might be it is the denial of the existence of the something merely without any reference to any other thing s existence or presence. Secondly, it might mean the apprehension of the absence at some place and time of something already experienced, and as such it is definition or determination of non-correspondence with the past experience merely without a detailed investigation of the present experience. Negation taken as a judgment even does not and cannot escape the reference to the negative fact, so to speak, of the actual apprehension of a thing's absence. If we inspect this phase of negation, we shall see that absence as such is experienced to be the nature of the situation, and as such perception is the instrument of our cognition of absence. It may be said that perception can only give the 'given,' the presented objects, and cannot present non-absence of the objects, and as such we must have a different instrument of cognition such as non-cognition or nonperception, anupalabdhi, to prove non-existence (abh¡va). But this is all right so long as we take this non-existence presented in the so called non-apprehension (anupalabdhi), (for it is indeed an apprehender of the alleged abh¡va), to be a mere abh¡va, an uncharacterised somewhat and not a positive entity of absence. Carefully inspected we find that the situation or position taken up by the Advaitin is similar to his position in regard to the nirvikalpaka pratyakÀa, a bare and un-inspected or unimagined or integrated experience of absence because of non-perception of anything determinate over there. There is an element of contra-definition or counter correlative which is defined more or less clearly even in the most incipient perceptual experience of negative fact or absence, which precisely reveals the difference,","PeriodicalId":267016,"journal":{"name":"Universal Semantic Syntax","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114983940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Siewierska, W. Abraham, E. Gelderen, B. Comrie, W. Croft, C. Lehmann, B. MacWhinney, M. Mithun, H. Narrog, Johanna L. Wood, A. Malchukov, Michela Cennamo, L. Kulikov, Doris Payne
{"title":"Impersonal Constructions","authors":"A. Siewierska, W. Abraham, E. Gelderen, B. Comrie, W. Croft, C. Lehmann, B. MacWhinney, M. Mithun, H. Narrog, Johanna L. Wood, A. Malchukov, Michela Cennamo, L. Kulikov, Doris Payne","doi":"10.1017/9781108658683.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108658683.016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267016,"journal":{"name":"Universal Semantic Syntax","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134063940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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