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The Rise and Demise of World Communism最新文献

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Communist Parties Come to Power in Korea and Vietnam 共产党在韩国和越南掌权
The Rise and Demise of World Communism Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0020
George W. Breslauer
{"title":"Communist Parties Come to Power in Korea and Vietnam","authors":"George W. Breslauer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"In Korea, the USSR occupied the northern half of the country after Japan withdrew its occupation forces. The Soviets installed a regime of North Korean communists who enjoyed popular support due to their sacrifices in fighting the Japanese during World War II. The leadership convinced Moscow and Beijing to sanction and support an invasion of South Korea that they hoped would reunify the country. This led to the Korean War, which merely restored the status quo ante at the expense of millions of lives. The pathway was different in Vietnam, where a guerrilla war against Japanese, then French, occupation led to the victory of the Vietnamese communist party in the North.","PeriodicalId":266942,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Demise of World Communism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125883088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Why US-Soviet Détente Failed 美苏谈判为何失败
The Rise and Demise of World Communism Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0031
George W. Breslauer
{"title":"Why US-Soviet Détente Failed","authors":"George W. Breslauer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0031","url":null,"abstract":"Given the issues that remained on the table for later negotiation, given the rightward drift in US politics of the mid-1970s, and given the intense commitment on both sides to competing for influence in Third World countries, it may be that US-Soviet détente was destined to collapse. But the counterfactual must consider, what would have happened had the Nixon administration not collapsed due to the Watergate scandal?","PeriodicalId":266942,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Demise of World Communism","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116849018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bureaucratic Leninism in Cuba 古巴的官僚列宁主义
The Rise and Demise of World Communism Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0040
George W. Breslauer
{"title":"Bureaucratic Leninism in Cuba","authors":"George W. Breslauer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0040","url":null,"abstract":"After 1970, Cuba became increasingly dependent on the USSR economically and adopted a Soviet-style management structure for the economy. But the economy ground down over time and crashed after the disappearance of the Soviet subsidy when that country collapsed in 1991. The party-military elite that runs Cuba has tried varieties of domestic and foreign policy adjustments but remains victimized by the US embargo and the inefficiencies of the bureaucratic Leninist model.","PeriodicalId":266942,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Demise of World Communism","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128483241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and World Communism 第二次世界大战对苏联和世界共产主义的影响
The Rise and Demise of World Communism Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0015
George W. Breslauer
{"title":"The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and World Communism","authors":"George W. Breslauer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"The devastation caused by World War II on Eastern Europe, the USSR, and China, among other nations, created the conditions of social dislocation that made possible the imposition, or autonomous coming to power, of communist regimes in eight countries of Eastern Europe. Tens of millions of deaths during the war, followed by millions of dislocated people and mass population transfers, created the conditions of social disintegration that preceded communist rule.","PeriodicalId":266942,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Demise of World Communism","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116266668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From Maoism to Market Leninism 从毛主义到市场列宁主义
The Rise and Demise of World Communism Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0036
George W. Breslauer
{"title":"From Maoism to Market Leninism","authors":"George W. Breslauer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0036","url":null,"abstract":"Initiated by Deng Xiaoping, China embarked on a path of transforming—marketizing and privatizing—the economy and opening it to competition and opportunity within the capitalist global economy. With this policy followed and deepened by two successors, the result was a Chinese economic miracle of historic proportions.","PeriodicalId":266942,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Demise of World Communism","volume":"273 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123366332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Market Leninism in Laos 老挝的市场列宁主义
The Rise and Demise of World Communism Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0039
George W. Breslauer
{"title":"Market Leninism in Laos","authors":"George W. Breslauer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0039","url":null,"abstract":"The Laotian communist forces came to power in 1975, assisted by their patron, North Vietnam. They only briefly proceeded to “build socialism,” but then fell back upon leaving the peasantry to cultivate their private landholdings, usually at subsistence level. They then transitioned, already in the 1980s, to market Leninism on the Chinese model. This has created wealth, but much of it has been diverted, lining the pockets of the party and military elites who run the country.","PeriodicalId":266942,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Demise of World Communism","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133874372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Sino-Soviet Schism, 1957–1963 中苏分裂，1957-1963
The Rise and Demise of World Communism Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0024
George W. Breslauer
{"title":"The Sino-Soviet Schism, 1957–1963","authors":"George W. Breslauer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"The schism between Moscow and Beijing became irreversible once it became clear that Mao’s willingness to run the risk of nuclear war on behalf of Chinese national interests (Taiwan, in particular) by far exceeded Khrushchev’s willingness to run such risks, especially for purposes that served Chinese, but not Soviet, national-security interests. This led Moscow to precipitously withdraw its massive material assistance to China, and led China to denounce Moscow, increasingly openly, as an apostate to the cause.","PeriodicalId":266942,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Demise of World Communism","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124091928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
China in a Postcommunist World 后共产主义世界中的中国
The Rise and Demise of World Communism Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0037
George W. Breslauer
{"title":"China in a Postcommunist World","authors":"George W. Breslauer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0037","url":null,"abstract":"Many theories of modernization would predict that one-party rule, strict controls against organized or dramatized dissent, and a marketized and privatized economy—as exist in China—are incompatible. This chapter offers a skeptical view of claims that either revolution from below (à la Hungary and Poland) or democratization from above (à la the Prague Spring or Gorbachev) are likely in coming decades in China. More likely is the combination of cooptation and repression that has taken place thus far.","PeriodicalId":266942,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Demise of World Communism","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114320835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diversity and Defiance within the World Communist Movement 世界共产主义运动中的多样性与反抗
The Rise and Demise of World Communism Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0022
George W. Breslauer
{"title":"Diversity and Defiance within the World Communist Movement","authors":"George W. Breslauer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"As Soviet leaders worked to manage the contradictions they had unleashed, they faced a wide range of responses from within the world communist movement: worker rebellions in Eastern Europe; revolution in Hungary in 1956; near revolution in Poland; and criticism or ambivalence from Yugoslavia, China, and nonruling communist parties in the wake of de-Stalinization and the crushing of the Hungarian revolution.","PeriodicalId":266942,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Demise of World Communism","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115006089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cuba’s Indigenous Revolution, 1959–1970 1959-1970年，古巴土著革命
The Rise and Demise of World Communism Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0025
George W. Breslauer
{"title":"Cuba’s Indigenous Revolution, 1959–1970","authors":"George W. Breslauer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780197579671.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Fidel Castro, his brother Raul, and Che Guevara prosecuted a guerrilla war that brought them to power in January 1959. They were socialist in orientation, but not yet faithful to a communist party. US hostility to the new regime’s policies of nationalization of industries controlled by US companies led to intensification of political controls and the seeking of external protection and assistance from Moscow. The Cuban Missile Crisis brought to a head the issue of US determination to overthrow the Castro regime, but also led the superpowers to the brink of war.","PeriodicalId":266942,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Demise of World Communism","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125292412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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