{"title":"A Communication Interface for Multiprocessor Signal Processing Systems","authors":"S. Saha, S. Bhattacharyya, W. Wolf","doi":"10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321285","url":null,"abstract":"Parallelization of embedded software is often desirable for power/performance-related considerations for computation-intensive applications that frequently occur in the signal-processing domain. Although hardware support for parallel computation is increasingly available in embedded processing platforms, there is a distinct lack of effective software support. One of the most widely known efforts in support of parallel software is the message passing interface (MPI). However, MPI suffers from several drawbacks with regards to customization to specialized parallel processing contexts, and performance degradation for communication-intensive applications. In this paper, we propose a new interface, the signal passing interface (SPI), that is targeted toward signal processing applications and addresses the limitations of MPI for this important domain of embedded software by integrating relevant properties of MPI and coarse-grain dataflow modeling. SPI is much easier and more intuitive to use, and due to its careful specialization, more performance-efficient for the targeted application domain. We present our preliminary version of SPI, along with experiments using SPI on a practical face detection system that demonstrate the capabilities of SPI","PeriodicalId":266183,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real Time Multimedia","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127392850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Annotation Based Multimedia Streaming Over Wireless Networks","authors":"R. Cornea, A. Nicolau, N. Dutt","doi":"10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321273","url":null,"abstract":"The relatively high power consumption of wireless network interfaces represents an important detriment in multimedia streaming for mobile devices. The IEEE 802.11 built-in power saving mode was designed for transfers of different nature and is not able to take advantage of the short idle intervals and continuous, periodic transmissions inherent in multimedia streaming. We propose an annotation based approach to wireless network power management that analyzes the variations in data transfer bandwidth during playback and uses the results to buffer data into larger burst transmissions with longer idle periods when the network card is transitioned into a lower power, sleep mode. Annotations allow for energy savings of up to 75% for the network interface, with practically no quality degradation or packet loss, only a small delay due to the buffer","PeriodicalId":266183,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real Time Multimedia","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131211025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Low-Power Implementation of 3D Graphics System for Embedded Mobile Systems","authors":"Chanmin Park, Hyunhee Kim, Jihong Kim","doi":"10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321274","url":null,"abstract":"For mobile 3D graphics systems, even though performance requirements are met, an efficient power management is even more important for battery-powered mobile devices since they require a large number of arithmetic operations as well as a high frequency of memory accesses. According to the analysis of the power consumption of mobile 3D graphics pipelines and the slacks across the pipeline stages, we describe intra-frame and inter-frame DVS low-power techniques reducing the power consumption of mobile devices based on a variable voltage processor. Our implementation on a PDA development board shows that the proposed DVS techniques achieve an energy saving of up to 46% over a non-DVS implementation","PeriodicalId":266183,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real Time Multimedia","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131889540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of a WCET-Aware C Compiler","authors":"H. Falk, Paul Lokuciejewski, Henrik Theiling","doi":"10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321284","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents techniques to integrate worst-case execution time (WCET) data into a compiler. Currently, a tight integration of WCET into compilers is strongly desired, but only some ad-hoc approaches were reported currently. Previous work mainly used self-written WCET estimators with limited functionality and preciseness during compilation. A very tight integration of a high quality WCET analyzer into a compiler was not yet achieved. This work is the first to present such a tight coupling between a compiler and the WCET analyzer aiT. This is done by automatically translating the assembly-like contents of the compiler's low-level format (LLIR) to aiT's exchange format CRL2. Additionally, the results produced by aiT are automatically collected and re-imported into the compiler infrastructure. The work described in this paper is smoothly integrated into a C compiler for the Infineon TriCore processor. It opens up new possibilities for the design of WCET-aware optimizations in the future. The concepts for extending the compiler structure are kept very general so that they are not limited to WCET information. Rather, it is possible to use our concepts also for multi-objective optimization of e. g. best-case execution time (BCET) or energy dissipation","PeriodicalId":266183,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real Time Multimedia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129452286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Fischaber, J. McAllister, Roger Francis Woods, E. Malins
{"title":"Muir Hardware Synthesis for Multimedia Applications","authors":"S. Fischaber, J. McAllister, Roger Francis Woods, E. Malins","doi":"10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321281","url":null,"abstract":"Muir hardware synthesis process used in the Abhainn design flow for optimisation and implementation of applications on FPGA-centric platforms and specifically its use for multimedia applications. Demonstrated are transformations available at the algorithmic level for an MPEG-2 encoder to reduce the memory usage and increase the throughput of the system. Also examined is the effect manipulations of the algorithm have on the final hardware architecture. Implementation of the encoder shows that results derived from a system level design approach are comparable with those derived from hand-coded implementations","PeriodicalId":266183,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real Time Multimedia","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117221037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Estimation Methodology for Designing Instruction Cache Memory of Embedded Systems","authors":"N. Kroupis, S. Mamagkakis, D. Soudris","doi":"10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321269","url":null,"abstract":"The design exploration procedure of DSP systems using simulation tools is a time-consuming process, even for low complexity applications. The main goal of the design methodology introduced in this paper is to provide fast and accurate estimates of the number of (-micro) instructions and the instruction cache miss rate of DSP applications implemented on a programmable embedded platform, during the early design phases. Specific information is extracted from both the high-level code description (C code) of the DSP application considered and its corresponding assembly code, without carrying out any kind of simulation. The proposed methodology requires only a single execution of the application in a general-purpose processor and uses only the assembly code of the targeted embedded processor. In order to automate the estimation procedure, a new software tool, which implements the proposed methodology, has been developed. Using nine real-life applications from different domains of the DSP field, it has been proved that with the proposed methodology the number of instructions and the miss rate of instruction cache can be estimated with high accuracy (>95%). Furthermore, the required time cost is much smaller (orders of magnitude) than the simulation-based approaches","PeriodicalId":266183,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real Time Multimedia","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121841601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Low Complexity MPEG Video Decoder with Arbitrary Downscaling Capability","authors":"Shusen Shi, Feng Liu, Xu Cheng","doi":"10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321268","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents some new techniques to implement arbitrary downscaling in decoding MPEG video with very low complexity. The DCT block recomposition method, which was used in resizing static image, is introduced to downscale video in frequency domain with arbitrary factors. New motion compensation based on the block group motion evaluation is proposed to correspond to the downscaled IDCT. Block groups of regular motion and irregular motion are handled respectively to balance the computation cost and picture quality. Analysis indicates the great complexity reduction and experiments show the decoder performance on the MPEG-4 video sequence. These techniques will be beneficial to the video applications on the mobile devices and many other low end embedded systems","PeriodicalId":266183,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real Time Multimedia","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126905875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Locality management using multiple SPMs on the Multi-Level Computing Architecture","authors":"A. Abdelkhalek, T. Abdelrahman","doi":"10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321276","url":null,"abstract":"The multi-level computing architecture (MLCA) is a novel system-on-chip architecture for embedded systems designed to exploit task-level and instruction-level parallelism in multimedia applications. The MLCA provides a unique two-level programming model that simplifies the development of embedded applications. To cope with increasing intra-system communication delays, we introduce a distributed memory version of the MLCA where separate storage is used for global and local application data. Global data is stored on multiple on-chip scratch-pad memories (SPMs) with non-uniform-memory access (NUMA) latencies, while local data is stored on PU-private memories. In such designs, one of the key factors affecting application performance is the locality of access to global data. We introduce programming constructs and run-time support to dynamically manage data stored in the SPMs and to influence run-time task scheduling. Collectively, our techniques improve performance by 6%-40%, compared to simple static memory management and scheduling approaches","PeriodicalId":266183,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real Time Multimedia","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122137278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TTL Hardware Interface: A High-Level Interface for Streaming Multiprocessor Architectures","authors":"T. Henriksson, P. V. D. Wolf","doi":"10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321282","url":null,"abstract":"Digital chips for multimedia applications use function-specific hardware co-processors to achieve high performance at low power consumption. These co-processors are typically equipped with traditional address-based interfaces. Networks-on-chips (NoCs) are emerging as scalable interconnect for advanced digital chips. Integration of co-processors with NoCs requires load/store packetizing wrappers on the network interfaces. This leads to unnecessary address generation and address transportation over the NoC for streaming data. By using high-level message passing interfaces for the streaming data, the co-processors can be made simpler and better reusable and the NoCs are used more efficiently. We present the task transaction level (TTL) high-level hardware interface for streaming co-processors as a concrete proposal for such an interface. We present three case study implementations and conclude that a TTL high-level message passing interface is beneficial compared to an address-based interface because it offers a better match with NoCs and it allows for better reuse and simpler design of co-processors","PeriodicalId":266183,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real Time Multimedia","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116109623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Level Power Management of Audio Power Amplifiers for Portable Multimedia Applications","authors":"Kyungsoo Lee, Youngjin Cho, N. Chang","doi":"10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ESTMED.2006.321272","url":null,"abstract":"Modern hand-held multimedia devices are equipped with high-power audio subsystems with built-in loudspeakers. These audio subsystems consume around 30% of the total system power, due to the poor efficiency of loudspeakers, even though high-efficiency class-D amplifiers are used. We introduce an elaborated system-level approach to the analysis of power consumption in amplifiers and consequent power saving for hand-held multimedia applications. Loudspeakers act like resistors below the resonant region and above the linear region, dissipating battery power without producing audible sound output. We exploit the poor frequency response of typical built-in miniature loudspeakers with inadequate enclosures, and limit the production of unnecessary frequencies that never become recognizable sound. We achieve up to 23% and 35% power reduction without appreciable fidelity degradation, with an SNR (signal to noise ratio) of 33% and 35%, for a class-AB and class-D amplifiers, respectively. All the data and experimental results in this paper are actual measurements using our in-house audio power analysis platform","PeriodicalId":266183,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE/ACM/IFIP Workshop on Embedded Systems for Real Time Multimedia","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128168210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}