Bioethica Forum最新文献

{"title":"The ethics of life itself","authors":"S. Hurst","doi":"10.24894/bf.2014.07024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24894/bf.2014.07024","url":null,"abstract":"Bioethica Forum / 2014 / Volume 7 / No. 3 78 Should bioethics care about the environment, address issues related to environmental ethics? If yes, which ones and how? This question weaves through the history of our field. One of the origins of bioethics in the 1920s started with concerns for environmental issues, with Fritz Jahr’s “bioethical imperative” to “Respect every living being on principle as an end in itself and treat it, if possible, as such” [1]. Until the rediscovery of his work, bioethics was traced back to a dual origin in the 1970s, with the near simultaneous coining of the term by Van Rensselaer Potter, who included longrange environmental concerns, and Hellegers, who focused on concrete medical dilemmas [2]. Despite the contrast usually made between these two origins, both integrated global issues of population ethics, questions which combine medical and environmental aspects [2]. Should bioethics, then, care about the environment? There are several reasons why the answer should be yes. First, environmental impacts are among the relevant consequences of human interventions which bioethics examines. Biotechnologies, medical interventions, and health systems can all impact the environment [3]. Second, environmental frameworks are clearly relevant. Animal experimentation, medically assisted reproduction, research with human beings, public health: all these topics integrate aspects that could be fruitfully approached from views developed within environmental ethics. Third, environmental effects on human health can be affected by our actions on the environment [4, 5]. Thinking about public health, and public health ethics, as separate from environmental issues is problematic [6]. Fourth, biotechnologies aimed at protecting the environment can raise ethical issues similar to those raised by biotechnologies aimed at any other goal. Genetically engineering humans to limit their impact on climate change may currently be a thought experiment [7], but it is an illustrative one. “Doing” bioethics or environmental ethics without the other fails to do justice to the tensions which arise between the environmental and the human elements of such possibilities, and ultimately between biocentric and anthropocentric views of ethics itself. Fifth, how far does a view of human good focused on health take us in exploring environmental questions? Prioritizing different views of the good without clear The ethics of life itself","PeriodicalId":263926,"journal":{"name":"Bioethica Forum","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125551812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Room for Improvement in Healthcare Education in Switzerland: Training and Testing Moral Sensitivity","authors":"M. Christen, Roxane Bachmann, Johannes Katsarov","doi":"10.24894/bf.2021.14006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24894/bf.2021.14006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263926,"journal":{"name":"Bioethica Forum","volume":"422 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126712768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health care in custody: Ethical fundamentals","authors":"H. Wolff, A. Casillas, J. Rieder, L. Gétaz","doi":"10.24894/bf.2012.05043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24894/bf.2012.05043","url":null,"abstract":"that the risk of death among former inmates was 12.7 times higher than that of non incarcerated residents during the first two weeks after release, with a markedly elevated relative risk of death from drug overdose [10]. The detention setting has been identified as a significant opportunity to address the health needs of vulnerable groups. Modern prison health services should aim to reduce inequalities by providing a range and quality of health care equivalent to that available in the community, according to the principles outlined by the Council of Europe [11] This article will highlight the ethical aspects of medical management in custody with special attention to the doctor-patient relationship (one important aspect of provision of health care in prison), which is at the centre of this issue.","PeriodicalId":263926,"journal":{"name":"Bioethica Forum","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126988560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warum eine pauschale Entschädigung für Lebendorganspender fair ist","authors":"M. Christen, Rachel Neuhaus Bühler, Brigitte Wendt","doi":"10.5167/uzh-41723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-41723","url":null,"abstract":"Das Schweizer Transplantationsgesetz verlangt eine Entschädigung der Auslagen, die einem Lebendorganspender durch seinen Entscheid zur Spende entstehen. Gewisse Aspekte ihrer Finanzierung sind derzeit aber umstritten. Dieser Beitrag plädiert für eine von den Krankenkassen zu finanzierende pauschale Entschädigung für Lebendspender. Dazu wird das Problem der Entschädigung in den Kontext der ethischen Debatte über die (Un-)Entgeltlichkeit der Organspende gestellt. Diskutiert wird insbesondere die Reichweite von Fairness-Argumenten zur Legitimierung unterschiedlicher Formen finanzieller Abgeltungen von Lebendspendern. Abstract Why a lump-sum compensation for living organ donors is fair The Swiss transplantation act requires compensation of live organ donors for the costs they incurr as a result of their decision to donate. Certain aspects of this compensation’s fi-nancing are, however, controversial. This article argues for a lump-sum compensation of living organ donors, to be fi-nanced by health insurance. For this purpose, the problem of donor compensation is viewed within the context of the ethi-cal debate on organ commodification. We focus especially on the degree to which fairness arguments could justify differ-ent forms of financial compensation to living donors.","PeriodicalId":263926,"journal":{"name":"Bioethica Forum","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121297989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensuring universal healthcare access, not only coverage","authors":"I. Guessous","doi":"10.24894/bf.2016.09043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24894/bf.2016.09043","url":null,"abstract":"Switzerland is characterized by universal healthcare coverage but out-of-pocket expenses and health insurance premiums, which continuously increased (up to 80%) since decades, are substantial. Individuals are responsible for a 10% co-payment (up to annual limit of CHF 700) after their annual deductible (which ranges from CHF 300 to 2500) is met. Among the OECD countries, Switzerland has the highest out-of-pocket expenditures [1]. Using data from the “Bus Santé” study – an ongoing population-based study conducted in the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland – we reported that approximately 13% of Swiss forgo healthcare for economic reasons and this proportion is much higher among those in the lowest income (30%) compared to highest income bracket (4%) [2]. Compared to timely access to healthcare, delaying or forgoing healthcare is associated with unfavorable health-related outcomes, such as higher severity of disease, decreased quality of life, increased risk of hospitalization, and longer hospital stays [3]. Because individuals are asymptomatic, it is very likely that secondary preventive services are among the first care forgone for economic reasons. This could lead to meaningful socioeconomic inequalities in cancer screening despite universal healthcare coverage in Switzerland.","PeriodicalId":263926,"journal":{"name":"Bioethica Forum","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132518443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"«Traumjob gesucht» – Ethikunterricht und die Reflexion der zukünftigen Berufsrolle","authors":"R. Porz, Anna Zentner","doi":"10.24894/bf.2021.14009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24894/bf.2021.14009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263926,"journal":{"name":"Bioethica Forum","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131479150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La qualité de la vie et la question du bien","authors":"S. Hurst","doi":"10.24894/bf.2013.06018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24894/bf.2013.06018","url":null,"abstract":"Faire le bien, chercher à ce que nos actes aient les meilleures conséquences possibles, est un des fondements de notre vie morale. C’est l’un des socles de l’éthique biomédicale: le bien du patient vient avant. Il est donc normal que cette valeur soit également au centre des objectifs de la recherche en médecine, de l’évaluation de l’efficacité des interventions de la médecine, et des mesures de son efficience. Mais la déclinaison de cette valeur dans la détermination de la qualité de vie soulève aussi des difficultés importantes et souvent négligées. A l’origine de ces difficultés, la nécessité de définir le bien de manière circonscrite afin de pouvoir en faire une mesure maniable, monodimensionnelle, dans l’évaluation de la qualité de vie. Ces difficultés sont réelles, mais ne doivent pas faire oublier que le bien qui est pris en compte dans l’évaluation de la qualité de vie n’est pas en soi erroné. Ce qui est erroné, c’est la focalisation exclusive de ces processus sur une partie seulement de ce qui nous importe.","PeriodicalId":263926,"journal":{"name":"Bioethica Forum","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131620342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expérimentation animale: une pesée en déséquilibre","authors":"A. Mauron, S. Hurst","doi":"10.24894/bf.2012.05007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24894/bf.2012.05007","url":null,"abstract":"La comprehension du monde naturel, la protection de la vie et la limitation de la souffrance comptent parmi les buts humains les plus centraux et les moins controverses. Depuis le XIXe siecle et le developpement de ce qui deviendra la medecine contemporaine, les progres de nos reponses a la souffrance et a la mort prematuree reposent entre autres sur l’experimentation animale. Or elle constitue une forme, parmi d’autres, d’exploitation des animaux au benefice d’interets humains. Les enjeux ethiques de l’experimentation animale se posent inevitablement sous la forme d’une pesee, ou pousser a son extreme le respect d’une des valeurs en presence conduirait quasi automatiquement a en transgresser une autre. Dans l’experimentation animale, ces valeurs incluent l’importance de la protection des animaux, l’importance de la recherche, la protection de l’environnement, et les interets des patients et de la societe.1 Chacune doit etre comprise afin de permettre entre elles une pesee equilibree. Or, le flou qui entoure certains concepts cles dans notre contexte perturbe l’equilibre de cette pesee et introduit une insecurite juridique dans cette thematique sensible. Nous aborderons ici ce desequilibre tel qu’il se presente dans la recherche biomedicale.","PeriodicalId":263926,"journal":{"name":"Bioethica Forum","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132797196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical ethics support services (CESS) as complex intervention. Preliminary findings of a conceptual analysis and possible implications for outcomes research","authors":"J. Schildman, S. Nadolny, Sebastian Wäscher, M. Gysels, J. Vollmann, C. Bausewein","doi":"10.24894/bf.2016.09021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24894/bf.2016.09021","url":null,"abstract":"a Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany b Institute for Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland c Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands d Department of Palliative Medicine, Munich University Hospital & Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany * contributed equally","PeriodicalId":263926,"journal":{"name":"Bioethica Forum","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133573711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gedanken zu zwölf Jahren Erfahrung als Lehrbeauftragter für Medizinethik an der Universität Zürich","authors":"Jürg Knessl","doi":"10.24894/bf.2021.14013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24894/bf.2021.14013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263926,"journal":{"name":"Bioethica Forum","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132149863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}