{"title":"Online Instructional Practices for Racially Diverse Student Populations in United States Higher Education Institutions","authors":"Teresa Mutahi, Stefanie K. Gazda","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH015","url":null,"abstract":"Both individual online courses and fully online programs in the United States have gained widespread acceptance. They are also more diverse than ever due to students' demographic changes. There are multiple challenges to student learning and to instructor teaching, and in this chapter, the authors present literature on online learning challenges and possible best practices for faculty training, instructional design, course content, intercultural miscommunication, accessibility for students with disabilities, and social isolation. Use of inclusive teaching methods are recommended. These are methods that promote effective cross-cultural pedagogies including methods that create learning tasks that foster reciprocal learning about cultures, expose learners to multiple perspectives, and facilitate development of skills in global thinking and intercultural competence. Use of universal instructional techniques to address multiple learning styles and integrating multicultural perspectives in course content have resulted in student success, satisfaction, as well as reduced stress and social isolation in online classes.","PeriodicalId":262991,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Online Learning in Higher Education","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123596859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reinventing Critical Digital Literacy to Empower Student-Teachers in Cross-Cultural, Web-Based Learning Environments","authors":"C. Rossatto, M. E. R. Dickerson","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH008","url":null,"abstract":"In the U.S. and Mexico borderland, the cross-cultural relationship is a daily experience. The ever-growing online learning and the digital literacy diminishes the distances and differences. The goals of advanced technology use are to empower each community member to meet the challenges of our current digital divide era. The authors seek to examine this further by posing the following questions: How can technology assist borderland communities and transnational population to think critically about their reality in an ongoing globalizing world? How can technology facilitate critical dialogue for collective empowerment? How can technology create a contextualized learning environment that fosters meaningful connections of real-life experiences as an integral component of culturally responsive pedagogy? To address these questions, they present and discuss qualitative and quantitative methodological findings, illustrating learning experiences, that exemplify and demonstrate how culturally inclusive and relevant educational programs work with adult students.","PeriodicalId":262991,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Online Learning in Higher Education","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130441795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gender Characteristics","authors":"Szufang Chuang, Cindy L. Crowder","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH013","url":null,"abstract":"Demographics in higher education populations have been changing. Females have become the majority population in online learning. Genders are physiologically and psychologically similar yet still different. This chapter provides an overview of cross-cultural gender characteristics of adult learners and discusses the associated challenges that interfere with their online learning effectiveness. Gender differences in behavior and learning are discussed from biological, environmental, and technological perspectives. Strategies to address their challenges and needs in online learning are provided. The chapter then concludes with suggestions for future research on cross-cultural gender issues in the online learning environment.","PeriodicalId":262991,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Online Learning in Higher Education","volume":"244 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133716384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cross-Cultural Communication Differences in Online Learning","authors":"Tasha Peart","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses and evaluates research on cross-cultural communication differences in online learning at the university level. It starts out by discussing the growth of online education in recent years and the historical context of online education. The chapter then evaluates research on differences in cross-cultural online learning primarily between university students from the Western part of the world compared to students from the East. Barriers in cross-cultural online education cited in the literature include language, technology, and instructional design. Future research on Western-based online education should assess cross-cultural differences for students from other parts of the world including Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America.","PeriodicalId":262991,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Online Learning in Higher Education","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131914507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pedagogical Issues and Challenges for Cross-Cultural Online Instruction","authors":"Chien Yu, Kun Huang, Gabriel A. Posadas","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH019","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the increasingly multicultural nature of online learning environments, it is crucial that instructors and instructional designers be aware of the importance of cultural factors in online teaching and learning. This chapter examines current educational and strategic studies of cross-cultural distance learning based on a review of scholarly publications, and helps readers develop an up-to-date understanding of the issues as well as challenges pertinent to cross-cultural online teaching and learning. In addition to reviewing the notion of cultural differences, the chapter seeks to provide instructional strategies that incorporate multicultural experience in designing online teaching or training. The chapter can help extend readers' knowledge and understanding of cross-cultural perspectives, influence of cultural differences on learning, and implications for designing cross-cultural distance learning.","PeriodicalId":262991,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Online Learning in Higher Education","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117189496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cross-Cultural Aspects of Collective Intelligence Online","authors":"L. Farmer","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH001","url":null,"abstract":"Today's wisdom society depends on intellectual capital, that is, collective knowledge and informational assets. Increasingly, the global scene reflects a more interactive mode relative to information, particularly because of social media. As heterogeneous groups bring different expertise and perspectives, their gathered and organized knowledge can lead to more informed decisions and resultant actions. This collective intelligence has been transformed with the advent of easily accessible interactive technologies. Adding to the complexity, cross-cultural aspects impact the processes leading to collective intelligence as culture impacts individual and group interaction. This chapter explores the intersection of collective intelligence, online technology, and cross-cultural aspects. The chapter also shares research-based conditions to optimize that intersection.","PeriodicalId":262991,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Online Learning in Higher Education","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126804584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christi U. Edge, Abby Cameron-Standerford, Bethney M Bergh
{"title":"Creating Access, Opportunity, and Ownership Through Cross-Cultural Meaning-Making in Academically Diverse Online Courses","authors":"Christi U. Edge, Abby Cameron-Standerford, Bethney M Bergh","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH003","url":null,"abstract":"As a group of three teacher educators representing reading, special education, and educational leadership, the authors conducted a self-study of their online teaching practices with the guiding question of “How can we use multimodal literacies to re-see our practices and to empower others to construct and to communicate meaning?” The purpose was to explore the pedagogic potentials of multimodal literacy by acting upon recent findings from their longitudinal, collaborative self-study into how they use and learn through visual literacy. They sought to extend their line of inquiry and to more inclusively empower learners to negotiate and to make meaning through multimodal literacy practices. Findings document how using protocols to critically “read,” discuss, and collaboratively make meaning from their online teaching practices illuminated the relationship of multimodal texts, visuals and literacy practices in fostering access, opportunity, and ownership for learners in online courses.","PeriodicalId":262991,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Online Learning in Higher Education","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127693810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metacognitive Knowledge and Language Learning in a Web-Based Distance Learning Context","authors":"Naiyi Xie Fincham, Guofang Li","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reported on the construction and development of the metacognitive knowledge (MCK) about web-based distance language learning of two adult English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in China. Drawing upon theories and research in metacognition, self-regulated second/foreign language learning, and distance language learning, the authors investigated adult Chinese EFL learners' knowledge about themselves as online distance language learners, the nature and demands of online distance English learning, and how to best approach their learning in this program. They identified changes in these learners' MCK over the 16 week semester and discussed how a number of contextual factors, including the pre-determined learning structure, teacher-led instructional sessions, and peer interaction opportunities, were significant in shaping and influencing learners' adjustments and revisions of their MCK about online distance language learning. Findings from this study have important implications for the design and implementation of web-based distance language programs for adult learners.","PeriodicalId":262991,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Online Learning in Higher Education","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133010181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Critical Humanism and Online Learning","authors":"Arturo Rodriguez, M. Smith, K. Magill","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is an attempt to personalize online education. Across the writing, the authors use discussion boards, a means of inquiry, to offer students a space where shared experiences might foster deeper connections to subject matter. The concern for learning is how to design instruction to encourage critical learning opportunities in online environments for all students. A departure from traditional online delivery of instruction, they considered how to plan teaching to support student critical thinking in the expression of their ideas. Throughout this chapter, they discuss how critical theory/pedagogy informed practice in promoting self-awareness and critical consciousness among students.","PeriodicalId":262991,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Online Learning in Higher Education","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116484714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Meeting Higher Education Expectations in the Digital Age and Reliability of Assessment in E-Learning Settings","authors":"J. Gikandi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8286-1.CH005","url":null,"abstract":"As online and blended learning increasingly become common, higher educators and researchers need to rethink fundamental issues of teaching, learning, and assessment in these non-traditional spaces. Fundamental issues of assessment and in particular reliability have not been well understood despite proliferation of e-learning in higher education. The chapter begins with a justification of the need to reconceptualize assessment and associated fundamental issues in e-learning settings. The author further articulates the distinction between reliability within the context of assessment for learning (formative assessment) and assessment of learning (summative assessment). The core characteristics of reliability are critically examined and exemplified using research insights in relation to how achievement of these characteristics enhances reliability and by implication validity of assessment. The identified characteristics include opportunities for explicit learning goals and shared meaning, documentation, and monitoring evidence of learning; and multiple sources of evidence of learning and multi-dimensional perspectives. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are offered.","PeriodicalId":262991,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Cross-Cultural Online Learning in Higher Education","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129728285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}