Estonian Journal of Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Effect of climate on extreme radial growth of Scots pine growing on bogs in Latvia","authors":"D. Elferts","doi":"10.3176/ECO.2011.3.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ECO.2011.3.06","url":null,"abstract":"Tree rings are one of the most important indicators for reconstructing past history of climate variability as well as anthropogenic and ecological processes. The climatic signal for the past centuries recorded on tree rings is well known in regions of Europe for Scots pine growing in dry conditions, but little knowledge is available regarding pines growing on peatlands. Extreme changes of environmental conditions limit the radial increment of trees and influence the formation of very wide or very thin tree rings. Usually, these extreme events (pointer years) are best explained by climatic factors. The study was carried out on five bogs with variable evidence of past human disturbance. A large number of pointer years common between study sites were identified (positive 1913, 1916, 1917, 1934-1939, 1957, 1967, 1968, 1972 and negative 1865-1867, 1926, 1928-1931, 1947-1949, 1951, 1990, 2000, 2002). Correlation analysis between climatic variables (maximal, minimal, and mean air temperature and precipitation sum) and pointer years indicated that the response to precipitation sum was mainly local and low compared to the response to air temperature. The main climatic variables influencing the development of pointer years were the mean air temperature in the growing season (May-September) and minimal air temperature in February, as well as the precipitation sum in February (positive response) and in the growing season (negative response). However, pointer year development of Scots pine on bogs is mainly determined by local factors.","PeriodicalId":262667,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Ecology","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130657548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenically induced changes in the sedimentation processes in the littoral zone of Lake Verevi, South Estonia","authors":"Egert Vandel, T. Koff","doi":"10.3176/ECO.2011.3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ECO.2011.3.01","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of four sediment cores from the littoral zone of a small Lake Verevi with a well- established history of lake hydrochemistry and hydrobiology were conducted. Observational data describe essential changes in the composition of macrophytes and the trophic state of the lake during the last century. Lithological composition (organic, siliciclastic, and carbonaceous matter) in the four sediment profiles taken within a distance of 20 m showed good lithostratigraphical correspondence but differences (up to two times) in the mass accumulation rates of various compounds. Most of the organic matter (75-85%) in the sediment originates from phytoplankton as demonstrated by low organic carbon/nitrogen ratios. Accumulation of organic matter is not directly related to changes in lake trophicity and primary production but rather seems to be dependent on the accumulation of siliciclastic matter, which engages the organic matter in the settling processes. This is supported by the extremely high correlations between the mass accumulation rates of siliciclastic and organic matter (R 2 > 0.8). Although the greatest changes in the lake environment took place after 1970 due to severe human impact on the lake, most of the changes in the sediment records started earlier. Precipitation of CaCO3 began already in the 1930s due to natural eutrophication processes and reached its highest values in the 1970s, which can be related to the anthropogenic impact. Also the share of carbon from algae, indicating a rise in the trophic status, started to increase in the 1930s. Macrofossil records reveal that also major changes in the vegetation may have started earlier than historically recorded. The rise in the trophic status of the lake had no direct effect on the accumulation of organic matter.","PeriodicalId":262667,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130973530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophyte Species Composition in Streams of Latvia under Different Flow and Substrate conditions/Makrofuutide Liigiline Koosseis Lati Vooluvetes Erineva Voolukiiruse Ja Substraadi Tingimustes","authors":"L. Grīnberga","doi":"10.3176/ECO.2011.3.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ECO.2011.3.03","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Streams are heterogeneous environments with differences in physical and chemical parameters. Different studies worldwide obviously indicate that the knowledge of the macrophyte species composition and abundance provides important information on the aquatic ecosystem (e.g., Best, 1995; Dawson & Szoszkiewicz, 1999; Baatrup-Pedersen et al., 2003). Macrophytes are a key component in the functioning of streams where they grow in relatively high abundance (Clarke, 2002). The physical stream environment has a major impact upon the development and growth of submersed macrophytes (Baatrup-Pedersen & Riis, 1999). In shallow, low-energy streams where macrophytes are able to grow abundantly, plants greatly influence the functioning of the ecosystem (Sand-Jensen et al., 1989). Substrate and flow velocity are the two most important factors influencing the distribution of macrophytes in streams. And vice versa, the growth of macrophytes has important impacts upon flow resistance, flow velocities, and sediment dynamics. Macrophytes grow abundatly under such current velocity and in sediments where they can be best rooted and withstand the erosive force of the water during periodic scour events (Chambers et al., 1991). Velocity is an important controlling factor of substrate stability and composition of macrophytes. Several researchers have argued that flow velocity is the main factor in controlling macrophyte composition and biomass in streams (Westlake, 1967; Nilsson, 1987; Chambers et al., 1991; Riis & Biggs, 2003; Haslam, 2006). Flow velocity has often been found to affect the distribution of macrophytes in streams (e.g., Riis et al., 2000; Demars & Harper, 2005). River surveys have indicated that many macrophyte species are associated with sediment of particular particle size (Holmes, 1983; Haslam, 2006). Substrate stability is a significant controlling factor because a stable substrate allows rooting and establishment of macrophyte communities. Mobile substrates prevent this, resulting in a limited potential for plant community development (Riis & Biggs, 2003; Haslam, 2006). Despite the apparent importance of water movement in regulating macrophyte communities in lowland rivers, the nature of the processes and the factors controlling their dynamics are not well understood (Franklin et al., 2008). For an assessment of the ecological status of a stream using macrophytes a certain minimum plant quantity is required. The variability of macrophyte richness is linked to physical factors in the environment, which make an important contribution to the pattern of macrophyte distribution (Abou-Hamdan et al., 2005). Since there are still numerous unaffected streams in Latvia, knowledge of the riverine vegetation in Latvia could be of regional importance on a European scale; for example, Baatrup-Pedersen et al. (2008) found a high similarity of species-based predictions in Denmark before intensive land use started there around 1900 with vegetation in Latvia","PeriodicalId":262667,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122107668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Climate on Scots Pine Growth on Dry and Wet Soils near Lake Engure in Latvia/Kliima Moju Hariliku Manni Kasvule Kuival Ja Marjal Pinnasel Engure Jarve Aares Latis","authors":"Iluta Dauškane, D. Elferts","doi":"10.3176/ECO.2011.3.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ECO.2011.3.05","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION The distribution of trees is generally determined by their ecological characteristics. Both internal and external factors, e.g. climate, influence the growth of trees. Many dendroclimatological studies have shown that climate explains a relatively large part of the temporal variability in tree-ring width (Fritts, 2001). The relationship between climate and tree-ring width occurs because plant growth is affected by specific conditions in the habitat environment. In addition, the nature of soil where trees grow may affect their response to climate (Linderholm, 2001; Linderholm et al., 2002; Vitas & Erlickyte, 2007; Weber et al., 2007). Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has a very wide ecological amplitude and successfully occupies dry habitats and sandy soils as well as peatland habitats. Therefore, it has a wider geographical distribution than any other pine species (Ohlson, 1995; Richardson & Rundel, 2000). Tree rings of Scots pine have been successfully used in dendroclimatology, mainly regarding trees growing on dry soils. Dendroclimatological investigations of tree rings in Latvia (Spalte, 1975, 1985; Skudra, 1982; Elferts, 2007a, 2007b), Lithuania (Bitvinskas, 1978; Vitas, 2004; Vitas & Erlickyte, 2007), Estonia (Laanelaid, 1982; Laanelaid & Eckstein, 2003), Poland (Cedro, 2001, 2006), and Scandinavia (Linderson, 1992; Linderholm, 2001; Linderholm et al., 2002) show that Scots pine growing on dry soil is sensitive to cold winters in the area around the Baltic Sea. Several studies treat the growth of Scots pine on peatlands. These have focused mainly on bogs and little is known about Scots pine growth on fens. Most of the previous studies examine relationships of pine growth on drained fens from a wood production improvement perspective (Pyateckij, 1963; Zalitis, 1967, 1968). There are only a few studies where the age and size of Scots pine as well as some habitat factors (nutrient characteristics of the peatlands and climate) are examined in relation to the natural regeneration of this tree species on fens (Agren et al., 1983; Ohlson, 1995). In pristine peatlands, e.g. fens, the most important differences in comparison to mineral soil sites are a high water table level (Boggie, 1972; MacDonald & Yin, 1999), poor soil aeration, and low nutrient availability and uptake, which control seedling survival (Agren & Zackrisson, 1990; Ohlson & Zackrisson, 1992; Sarkkola et al., 2004), and extremely slow growth of trees (Ohlson, 1995; MacDonald & Yin, 1999; Fritts, 2001; Hokka & Ojansuu, 2004). Water table depth is regulated by several factors, of which temperature and precipitation are the most important in controlling seasonal and yearly variation. This means that both of these factors influence tree growth directly and indirectly through regulation of the water table by evapotranspiration (Fritts, 2001; Linderholm et al., 2002). Climatic amelioration has been of great importance with regard to the comparatively successful regeneration of","PeriodicalId":262667,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Ecology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121492104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of citizen science in ornithology","authors":"A. Lõhmus","doi":"10.3176/ECO.2011.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ECO.2011.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"ORNITHOLOGY AND CITIZEN SCIENCE For many reasons, the study of wild birds has played a pioneering role in the development of modern biology. Although birds were included as examples in the major syntheses before the 20th century (including the theory of natural selection), their special position strengthened along with the broad change of biology from describing patterns towards explaining processes. In the first half of the 20th century, it was recognized that the bird is a well-suited subject for studies into the problems of functional morphology, physiology, behaviour, and orientation of animals (Haffer, 2007). Since then, birds have provided some of the most significant model systems for testing general hypotheses regarding speciation and in the diverse fields of ecology, including population and community ecology, evolutionary and behavioural ecology (Gill, 2007). Another distinct feature of ornithology is that, because of the attractiveness of birds, amateurs have always assisted (and outnumbered) professional ornithologists (Greenwood, 2007). In the modern world, such 'citizen science' (the involvement of volunteers in research) provides two great opportunities. First, it enables to widen both the spatial and the temporal scale of field studies beyond the limited reach of individual researchers and short-term project funding. A respectable part of current ornithology--bird surveys involving broad public participation--thus provides pivotal data for developing conservation science and macroecology, and for detecting long-term changes in wild populations, communities, and the wider environment (Greenwood, 2007; Dickinson et al., 2010; Magurran et al., 2010). Secondly, public participation and direct contact with researchers serve as an educational tool for raising awareness about environmental issues and the scientific method (Brossard et al., 2005; Bonney et al., 2009; Devictor et al., 2010). By that, and by increasing public support, the citizen-science part of ornithology is useful for clever applications of ecological knowledge, particularly in conflict situations of biodiversity conservation. THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES Together with its opportunities, a reliable and self-sustaining citizen-science system presents special challenges. One is that managing the contact with the public requires administering capacity and special skills, such as extensive communication and the development of online data storage systems (Bell et al., 2008). Other challenges are methodological: a prerequisite for the inclusion of a large number of volunteers is a clear and simple protocol of data recording, while the data collected will nevertheless be heterogeneous and probably biased for several reasons. Therefore, proper management and analysis of volunteer-collected data typically require professional statisticians to handle the complex sampling designs, error sources, and data structure (Dickinson et al., 2010). These challenges are best addressed ","PeriodicalId":262667,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Ecology","volume":"339 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133662601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fifty-year dynamics in a temperate raptor assemblage","authors":"Eet Tuule, Aarne Tuule, A. Lõhmus","doi":"10.3176/ECO.2011.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ECO.2011.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"Raptorial birds are popular monitoring objects worldwide; however, published data on long-term dynamics of raptor assemblages are scarce. This paper summarizes 50-year (1961-2010) raptor surveys in relation to landscape change in a 60 km 2 area near Saue, North Estonia. Altogether, 11 species of diurnal raptors and 7 species of owls were found nesting. Their total density stayed remarkably stable throughout the study period, but both annual species richness and Shannon diversity decreased and the species composition showed significant long-term shifts. Most importantly, small-sized species decreased and medium-sized species increased, which suggests that the assemblage was shaped by interspecific relationships and, perhaps, delayed effects of historical raptor persecution. A period of low population levels in the 1980s was particularly pronounced for insect-eating species, which may be related to extensive pesticide use during that period. Unexpectedly, trends in the raptor assemblage could not be attributed to landscape changes - contrasting trends were observed for species having broadly similar habitat requirements and, therefore, no general patterns could be detected for any ecological group. We conclude that, at the assemblage level, raptors are not particularly sensitive indicators of landscape change in temperate Europe.","PeriodicalId":262667,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Ecology","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125109315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numbers and hybridization of spotted eagles in Estonia as revealed by country-wide field observations and genetic analysis","authors":"Ü. Väli","doi":"10.3176/ECO.2011.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ECO.2011.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"Spotted eagles include two medium-sized similar raptors breeding sympatrically in Estonia. In the current study I checked if population numbers derived from country-wide field observations over a 20-year period were in line with the estimate extrapolated from surveys in study plots (500-600 breeding territories of the Lesser Spotted Eagle and 10-30 territories of the Greater Spotted Eagle). I also analysed the structure of the hybridizing spotted eagle population using field descriptions and genetic analysis. The country-wide census enabled to distinguish 664 putative breeding territories, in 81% of which eagles were recorded in two or more years while in 53% breeding was confirmed. In 492 territories the species was identified in the field from morphological characters, and in 158 of them genetic analysis was used to verify the identification. The Greater Spotted Eagle was observed in 26 territories, in 54% of which breeding was confirmed. Altogether 10 pure-species Greater Spotted Eagle pairs and 14 pairs mixed with the Lesser Spotted Eagle were recorded whereas in 12 territories species compositions changed - mainly towards hybridization and Lesser Spotted Eagle pairs. Genetic analysis suggested breeding of an adult hybrid spotted eagle in eight territories and later generation backcrosses in five territories. The present study supported the plot-based estimates of population size but also showed extensive, partly hidden hybridization and decline of the Greater Spotted Eagle. It also showed that, despite several caveats, full census based on a large database of casual field observations can be a powerful tool for estimating the size and distribution of a rather numerous raptor population and is essential for discovering breeding sites of a rare species. In hybridizing species, however, more specialized approaches (comprehensive search of nests, detailed morphological descriptions, and genetic analysis) should be used as well.","PeriodicalId":262667,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Ecology","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124160382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-year periodicity in historical raptor- persecution data: an indication of vole cycles?","authors":"A. Lõhmus","doi":"10.3176/ECO.2011.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ECO.2011.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"Reflections of three- to four-year cycles in vole abundance have been observed in the breeding performance and abundance of raptors in Estonia at least since the 1970s. To check whether such link could be used to reconstruct earlier vole cycles, too, I analysed two geographically distinct samples of reports on systematic raptor persecution in 1890-1908. These samples showed three- year periodicity and coincided in their years of minimum although vole-eating species formed only a small part of the material. The numbers of different taxa (diurnal raptors vs owls; Buteo buteo vs Accipiter nisus) were positively correlated in the material, indicating interspecific synchronity in the fluctuations. Probably the observed pattern reveals that, similarly to the recent decades, the productivity of raptors fluctuated in response to three-year vole cycles in Estonia already at the end of the 19th century. These reconstructions can explain some known historical irruptions of raptors and indicate an early general decline of diurnal raptors at least in southern Estonia.","PeriodicalId":262667,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120949583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population trends of common birds in Estonia in 1983-2010","authors":"A. Kuresoo, Hannes Pehlak, R. Nellis","doi":"10.3176/ECO.2011.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ECO.2011.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the set-up and development of a common bird monitoring scheme in Estonia in 1983-2010. The point-count survey of widespread terrestrial bird species was undertaken to measure long-term population changes and to produce indicators of the condition of habitat types and the wider environment. The scheme has been mostly run by skilled volunteers of the Estonian Ornithological Society. The method applied is point counting on free- choice routes and without limiting recording distance. In the Estonian scheme, each count route consists of 20 points, with 5-minute stops at least 200 m apart. In total, 143 point count routes have been in use by 89 active birdwatchers and professional ornithologists in the course of 28 years. Yearly abundance indices for 87 bird species were calculated using TRIM software. The most evident changes in bird numbers were the declines detected in 1992-1996 among farmland species, and in 2007-2010 among farmland and woodland species. The long-term population trends (1975-2010) in four countries around the Baltic Sea depend on the migratory strategy of bird species. Among trans-Saharan migrants the proportion of declining species was much higher in comparison with short-distance migrants and sedentary species. A marked difference between these countries was found among sedentary bird species - with up to 2/3 of species with increasing trends in Finland and less than 1/3 in Denmark, Sweden, and Estonia. There is a growing interest in using the results of the scheme both at the national and the international scale (PECBMS).","PeriodicalId":262667,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Ecology","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126646463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of atmospheric circulation types on spring arrival of migratory birds and long-term trends in the first arrival dates in Estonia","authors":"M. Sepp, Vello Palm, A. Leito, K. Paadam, J. Truu","doi":"10.3176/ECO.2011.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ECO.2011.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the spring arrival of 42 migratory bird species in Estonia in relation to integrated climatological variables (atmospheric circulation types). We found that all early arrivals were short- distance migrants, which were more directly affected by cyclonic conditions. Those conditions design a tailwind system that favours or hinders the migration of birds to their breeding areas. All late arrivals were long-distance migrants, whose spring arrival took place mostly in anti-cyclonic windless or also eastern or south-eastern wind conditions, i.e. tail- or crosswinds. Our hypothesis that different arrival times of the same species in western (Kuressaare) and eastern (Tartu) Estonia may have been caused by the birds' different circulation type preferences was not confirmed - birds preferred similar types. Differences in the first arrival dates between western and eastern Estonia were related rather to climatic differences as well as differences in flyways and migratory routes. The spring arrival date significantly advanced during the period 1958-2002 in several species from both guilds but the rate and significance of the advances were in general higher in early arrivals than in late arrivals. We concluded that weather conditions and climate change affected the spring arrival of both short-distance and long-distance migrants. Among circulation classifications, the effects on migratory birds were most often detected in the case of classifications with a low number of circulation types (such as SANDRAS or CKMEANSC09), suggesting that birds are generally not waiting for very specific types of circulation. The results indicate that methods of synoptic climatology are useful for studying bird migration phenology and migration patterns, especially at a large scale.","PeriodicalId":262667,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Ecology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128030792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}