{"title":"Safe product design, forensic engineering, and Asimov's Laws of Robotics","authors":"L. F. Bilancia","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2014.6841995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2014.6841995","url":null,"abstract":"Isaac Asimov wrote a series of science fiction stories regarding failure analysis of complex systems: his fictional positronic brained robots. The stories revolved around his “Three Laws of Robotics”. One, a robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction allow a human being to come to harm. Two, a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Three, a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. We are surrounded by automated systems that routinely violate these Three Laws, yet some systems, such as implanted pacemakers and defibrillators have specific and distinct circuitry and firmware that implement exactly these rules. Furthermore, as engineers we are called upon to evaluate systems that have failed, determine root cause, and assist the courts in determining culpability. This paper presents a series of examples of systems that are well implemented examples of Asimov's Three Laws, of systems that categorically fail to implement the Three Laws, tie the Three Laws into the Criticality and Severity Analysis (FMEA/CA/SA) Failure Modes and Effects Analysis standards, and examine the use of The Laws in forensic engineering and failure analysis.","PeriodicalId":262617,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128891445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hazard based safety engineering in relation to injury epidemiology and etiology","authors":"T. Lanzisero","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2014.6841999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2014.6841999","url":null,"abstract":"Principles of hazard based safety engineering involve the study of the sources and mechanisms of injury in order to best protect against it. This approach is used to support risk assessment, with various stages to identify, analyze and evaluate risk, and to reduce risk as needed. For example, hazard based safety engineering applied to product safety is based on the premise that various forms of injury occur when energy of sufficient magnitude and duration is imparted to a body part. The three-block model comprising energy sources, transfer mechanisms and susceptibilities to injury helps address the causes of injury, in order to better design and evaluate measures to protect against injury. These principles are reflected and supported in similar approaches used in diverse areas of health and safety, including public health and aircraft and motor vehicle safety. Such approaches to injury causation and prevention are rooted in the epidemiology and etiology of disease, and reflected in technical works dating back to the 1940s, which provide a scientific and historical context.","PeriodicalId":262617,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129390191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Residential solar and electric vehicle bonding and grounding methods for galvanic compatibility","authors":"D. Moongilan","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2014.6842001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2014.6842001","url":null,"abstract":"Residential Photovoltaic (PV) panels are typically roof-top mounted and their accompanying DC/AC inverters are either collocated or installed inside the building. The PV panels and associated DC/AC inverter metal enclosures must be interconnected and grounded to a grounding-electrode according to NEC690.41-64. A small potential difference exists between the enclosure and its interconnection to the ground. The potential differences between a PV system enclosure and its ground wire, as well as, the potential differences between the inverter enclosure and its ground wire are at opposite polarities. Likewise, an Electric Vehicle (EV) controller enclosure and its ground interconnection, and a battery and its ground interconnection are also at opposite polarities. This observation can be generalized to any collocated generator and load DC power system. Since the interconnection potential difference and galvanic voltage are either at opposite or same polarities, the traditional galvanic compatibility rules can't be applied to the generator and load enclosures, where one side of the DC supply circuit is intentionally connected to earth ground at the source and load enclosures. This is because significantly less corrosive damage occurs under conditions of opposite polarity versus conditions of like (same) polarity. This article discusses galvanic compatibility issues of PV panels and EV groundings while providing a solution for this challenge using electrochemistry and electric circuit theory.","PeriodicalId":262617,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127619442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equipotentiality and grounding Derivation of grounding resistance for equipment","authors":"R. Nute","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2014.6842003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2014.6842003","url":null,"abstract":"Equipotentiality is one means of preventing electric shock. Grounding is a specific kind of equipotentiality. For most power distribution systems, the resistance of the grounding circuit in an electrical product is critical to establishing equipotentiality. This paper explains equipotentiality and how it provides protection against electric shock. This paper also describes the grounding circuit for the various power distribution systems. Finally, this paper shows the effect of the product grounding resistance on the voltage of accessible parts, and validates the value required by various safety standards.","PeriodicalId":262617,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126956461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Why 500VA for hipot testers? A TC66 investigation to explore the necessity of the 500VA hipot tester","authors":"Nicholas Piotrowski","doi":"10.1109/ISPCE.2014.6841998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCE.2014.6841998","url":null,"abstract":"The IEC 61010-1 3rd Edition standard for measurement and control equipment for laboratory use stipulates that a 500VA dielectric withstand tester must be used to test product insulation as part of testing for electrical hazards. This requirement harks back to a time when most withstand tester outputs were unregulated and could cause problems with load regulation. Advancements in withstand tester technology include testers with regulated outputs. This calls into question the need for a 500VA requirement in the IEC 61010-1 3rd Edition standard.","PeriodicalId":262617,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115529717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}