LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Justifying Source Taxation in the Digital Age","authors":"C. Elliffe","doi":"10.26686/vuwlr.v52i4.7403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v52i4.7403","url":null,"abstract":"I chose to write on a theoretical jurisprudential topic which, in my view, is anchored to a practical problem. In fact, with the rise of the digital economy, it has become the most critical functional problem in the tax world of the 21st century. This article attempts to establish a justification for the taxation of income earned by highly digitalised businesses in the source or market jurisdiction. The article explains why this theoretical question is such an important issue in international tax.","PeriodicalId":262460,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129802015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Details Matter? An Analysis of Italian Personal Income Tax","authors":"M. Tasso","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3745912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3745912","url":null,"abstract":"Do the details of the structure of the tax code matter? Which of the elementary components of a modern and complex tax code is most important for households? This paper explores these issues within the framework of an overlapping generation model with heterogeneous agents and with specific reference to the case of Italy. Risk averse agents in the model are exposed to lifespan uncertainty, borrowing constraints, and uninsurable wage shocks. In this framework, the tax code plays an important role as a source of publicly-provided insurance against unlucky realizations of incomes. In particular, while many features of the tax code are instrumental in shaping its ability to redistribute income across agents, this paper finds that a new-born agent would attach a significant welfare value to the existing tax credit for employees’ earned income. This provision of Italian personal income tax significantly lowers the tax burdens on agents hit by negative productivity shocks and thus plays a crucial role in limiting the dispersion of realized net incomes and consumption.","PeriodicalId":262460,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126448189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GAAR in Action: An Empirical Study of Transaction Types and Judicial Attributes in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand","authors":"Thaddeus Hwong, Jinyan Li","doi":"10.32721/ctj.2020.68.2.sym.hwong","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2020.68.2.sym.hwong","url":null,"abstract":"The authors report the results of an empirical study on the general anti-avoidance rules (GAARs) in action in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. The study builds on a conceptual framework, developed by Tim Edgar, that classifies tax-avoidance transactions as falling into three types (tax-attributes creation, tax-attributes trading, and tax-attributes substitution) and considers the transaction types in connection with the attributes of judges and with the broader context of judicial decision making. To contextualize the empirical analysis, the authors provide a doctrinal analysis of both the countries' GAAR provisions and the judicial interpretation of GAARs, along with some examples of divergence and convergence among the three countries. The statistical results provide some modest support for Edgar's claim that the judiciary's institutional competence is limited when it comes to identifying tax avoidance in substitution cases and that Canada's GAAR could be improved through the incorporation of an economic substance test.","PeriodicalId":262460,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122085105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contracting for Tax Room: The Law and Political Economy of Tax-Point Transfers","authors":"R. Gillis","doi":"10.32721/ctj.2019.67.4.gillis","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2019.67.4.gillis","url":null,"abstract":"Tax-point transfers are potentially a foundational tool for changing the allocation of tax room between governments, but they have fallen into disuse in Canadian fiscal federalism. This article argues that the infrequent use of tax-point transfers can be explained, in part, by impediments to the enforcement of intergovernmental contracts. The problem is twofold: (1) tax-point transfers typically consist of long-term non-sequential transactions, in which governments perform their obligations at substantially different points in time; and (2) the common mechanisms for assuring performance in long-term non-sequential transactions are either unavailable or of only modest force in tax-point transfer agreements. The primary implication is that these contractual impediments may discourage governments from using tax-point transfers to achieve an optimal allocation of tax room.","PeriodicalId":262460,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126851808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residency and Trusts","authors":"M. Brabazon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3483324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3483324","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of the concept of residency in relation to trusts and the Australian tax settings for trust residence and the consequences of a trust, grantor or beneficiary being resident or non-resident, including consideration of particular trust-related capital gains tax issues and a critique of TD 2019/D7.","PeriodicalId":262460,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129852289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mistrusting Trusts: A Study of Exit Tax on Trusts in India","authors":"Agnishwar Basu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3469099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3469099","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of using charitable trusts as tools to evade tax had been increasing in India. To put an end to it, the central government brought in an all new exit tax regime for registered charitable trusts through the introduction of Chapter XII-EB in the income tax laws via Finance Act 2016. This law has been prepared with an objective to restrict the practice of transfer of tax-free resources from registered charitable trusts to non-charitable hands. Any default mentioned in these provisions results into a hefty exit tax burden, calculated at the maximum marginal tax rate on ‘accreted income’ which is based on fair market value of assets. But while formulating such a strict legal provision to catch the offenders, its impact on honest trusts who in fact constitute the majority, does not seem to have been minutely considered. This has resulted in heavy panic among registered NGOs of being randomly penalised. Trusts will now have to be more conscious before undertaking any expansion, making investments or before joining hands with other entities for taking up charitable projects.<br><br>This paper, through a case-based approach, links the new legal concept with issues ordinarily faced by trusts and thereby makes an attempt to conceptually examine how the introduction of exit tax mechanism for trusts in income tax laws will affect charitable trusts and institutions registered under section 12AA of the act in freely expanding their scope and area of work. The research methods included careful reading and analysis of the new chapter, related laws, rules and clarifications issued by the CBDT, study of some of the major observations made by income tax tribunals in trust cases and obtaining opinions from tax practitioners and legal experts. The results indicate that there is every possibility to unnecessarily overburden honest trusts with tax liabilities which may lead to reduction of social and charitable activities. It further indicates likelihoods of double taxation which, if end up to be true, will add to the problems faced by trusts and by no mean facilitate social welfare and charitable projects in India.<br>","PeriodicalId":262460,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128435485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sozialverträglicher CO2-Preis: Vorschlag für einen Pro-Kopf-Bonus durch Krankenversicherungen (Creating Social Acceptance for a CO2 Price: How to Implement a Per Capita Health Insurance Bonus)","authors":"R. Ismer, Manuel Haussner, K. Messerschmidt, K. Neuhoff","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3480450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3480450","url":null,"abstract":"CO2-Abgaben bergen die Gefahr, einkommensschwachere Haushalte uberdurchschnittlich zu belasten. Zur Abwehr solcher regressiven Verteilungswirkungen wird erwogen, einen Teil der Einnahmen durch einen Pro-Kopf-Bonus an die Burger*innen zuruckzugeben. Der vorliegende Beitrag entwickelt einen Vorschlag fur einen in das deutsche Krankenversicherungssystem integrierten Bonus. Dazu werden zunachst die Ziele definiert, die ein solcher Bonus verfolgen soll: Er soll die regressive Wirkung der CO2-Abgabe beseitigen, ohne die beabsichtige Lenkungswirkung der CO2-Abgabe zu beeintrachtigen. Zugleich sollen die Verwaltungskosten und die Befolgungskosten der Steuer und des Kompensationsmechanismus moglichst gering sein. Schlieslich soll der Mechanismus von moglichst vielen Berechtigten auch tatsachlich in Anspruch genommen werden. Danach werden die institutionellen Details vorgestellt: Der Pro-Kopf-Bonus sollte so weit wie moglich durch Leistung von Zuschussen uber die Krankenversicherungen abgewickelt werden; gesonderte Mechanismen mussten fur Empfanger von Transferzahlungen und fur Empfanger von Heilfursorge vorgesehen werden. Abschliesend werden die Voraussetzungen dafur aufgezeigt, dass ein solcher Vorschlag mit den verfassungsrechtlichen Vorgaben im Einklang steht.","PeriodicalId":262460,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132932721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Future of the Progressive Personal Income Tax: How High Can it Go?","authors":"Kevin S. Milligan","doi":"10.32721/ctj.2019.67.3.sym.milligan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2019.67.3.sym.milligan","url":null,"abstract":"The author draws on economic theory and evidence to build the case for considering boundaries for the high-income tax rate. Because of behavioural responses to higher rates, an upper boundary arises; above it, the revenue loss from behavioural responses outweighs the revenue gain from the higher rate. However, this upper boundary can be pushed upward through stronger enforcement and may vary with non-tax considerations, such as shifts in the demand for and supply of highly skilled workers. This framework suggests that if higher rates are to raise revenue in Canada, serious measures must be taken to increase the upper boundary.","PeriodicalId":262460,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124304223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Presumptive Taxes a Good Option for Taxing Self-Employed Professionals in Low & Middle-Income Countries?","authors":"Daisy Ogembo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3442648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3442648","url":null,"abstract":"The term ‘hard-to-tax’ (HTT), in tax evasion literature, refers to farmers, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and professionals. However, research on the hard-to-tax in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) has primarily focussed on farmers and SMEs. Professionals are rarely critically considered, despite the acknowledgement in the literature that, considering their potential earnings, the absolute financial amount involved in evasion among professionals in LMICs is probably higher than among farmers and SMEs. Further, while presumptive tax regimes have been widely used in LMICs to tax SMEs and farmers, professional income is almost always explicitly excluded in the eligibility criteria for these regimes. There is also a gap in the literature on presumptive taxes. Scholarly discourse on these regimes have primarily focussed on their suitability for farmers and SMEs; there is little discourse on their suitability for professional income. The author fills these two gaps by making use of qualitative data on tax evasion by lawyers and dentists in Kenya. The qualitative data suggests that professionals fail to comply because of (i) peer influence, (ii) low levels of financial and tax capability, and (iii) the damaged political legitimacy of the tax authority. This paper makes an original contribution to the literature on the hard-to-tax and presumptive taxation by proposing that although presumptive tax regimes ordinarily explicitly exclude professional income, these regimes can be useful partial solutions for taxing newly qualified, self-employed professionals if they are well-thought-out, meticulously designed and implemented, and rigorously monitored. Keywords: Hard-to-Tax, Presumptive Tax, Tax Evasion, Taxing Professionals, Developing Countries, Taxation in Kenya.","PeriodicalId":262460,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127387423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"보험과 상속․증여세와의 관계에 대한 고찰 - 즉시연금의 세법, 예규 및 판례 사례를 중심으로 (A Study on the Relationship between Insurance and Inheritance and Gift Tax - Centering on Tax Laws, Regulations, and Cases of Precedents About Immediate Pension)","authors":"Jongmo Kim, Dongho Cho, Junhee Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3408653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3408653","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Korean Abstract:</b> 과거에는 우연한 사고를 대비하는 보장기능의 보험 상품들이 대다수였다면 최근에는 재산을 마련하는 저축기능의 상품들도 많이 출시되어 보험 상품의 종류와 수가 많고 다양해 졌다.<br>보험소비자들은 이런 보험의 기능들을 활용하여 사고에 대한 위험대비 뿐만 아니라 재산 증식 및 더 나아가 재산을 배우자나 자녀 등에게 이전하는 수단으로까지 활용되기도 한다. 이에 과세당국은 이러한 보험계약의 보험차익에 대해서는 소득세, 보험금의 무상이전에 대해서는 증여세 또는 상속세를 부과하려는 것은 당연하다고 볼 수 있다.<br>그러나 보험 상품 중 즉시연금 보험금에 대한 증여세를 부과하는 과정 속에서 세법에 명시되어 있는 보험금에 대한 증여시기 및 증여재산가액의 산정과 최근 국세청 예규 및 조세심판원, 대법원 판례에 명시되어 있는 보험금의 증여시기 및 증여재산가액의 산정에 다소 차이를 보이고 있어 재산이전을 목적으로 보험을 가입한 보험소비자의 입장에서 볼 때 상당한 혼란을 가져올 수가 있다.<br>이는 납세자의 세금납부에 대한 법적 안정성과 예측가능성이 저해되어 조세법률주의에 어긋날 수도 있을 뿐만 아니라 보험 상품에 대한 신뢰성을 저하시킬 수 있어 보험소비자들이 보험 상품을 기피하여 보험 산업 발전에 안 좋은 영향을 줄 수 있다.<br>따라서 조세법률주의에 입각하여 법률에 의한 예규 및 판례가 이루어지거나 사회통념상 또는 형평성에 맞게 법률을 변경할 필요가 있을 경우 그 법률을 변경하여 법률과 예규 및 판례가 일치함으로써 보험소비자의 입장에서는 보험과 관련된 조세를 예측하여 재산 이전 등 합리적인 재무 설계를 함은 물론이고 재무설계사(Financial Planner: FP)의 입장에서는 법률에 근거하여 보험소비자에게 정확한 세금설계를 할 수 있도록 해야 하겠다.<br> 따라서 본 논문에서는 보험 상품 중 즉시연금보험의 보험금 증여를 중심으로 세법과 예규 및 판례에서 나타나고 있는 증여시기 및 증여재산가액 산정에 있어서 그 차이점을 확인해 보고 이러한 차이점이 보험소비자는 물론 재무설계사의 입장에서 바라볼 때 과세납부의 합리적인 추론에 대해 검토해 보고자 한다.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> In the past, insurance policies that protect against accidents were mostly used, but recently many savings products that provide property insurance have been introduced. This trend has resulted in many different types of insurance products.<br><br>Insurance is often used not only for the risk of accidents, but also for the growth of assets and for the transfer of assets to spouses and children.<br><br>In this regard, it is natural the taxation authorities to impose income taxes on the insurance gains of such contracts and on gifts or inheritance taxes on free transfers of insurance money.<br><br>However, in the process of imposing a gift tax on pension insurance funds, the timing of gift and gift property values for insurance premiums as specified in the tax law and the date of donation of insurance funds and the value of gift assets as specified in the recent NTS rules and Supreme Court rulings are somewhat different. because of that can be quite confusing for the insurance consumers. <br><br>This would not only undermine the stability and predictability of tax payments, and it would also undermine the credibility of insurance products. This trend could adversely affect the development of the insurance industry as insurance consumers may reject insurance products.<br><br>Therefore, there should be rules and precedents under the law based on the principle of tax, or change the law if it is necessary to change the law in accordance with social norms or fair.<br><br>So, laws, rules and precedents should be consistent so that insurance-related taxes can be predicted from an insurance consumer's perspective.<br><br>And from the perspective of FP(Financial Planners), the correct tax design based on the law should help insurance consumers.<br>This paper examined the differences in the calculation of the timing of the bestowal and the value of the donated properties in the","PeriodicalId":262460,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Public Tax Law - Non-U.S. (Topic)","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122184386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}