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COMPETITION AND EFFICIENCY IN PUBLICLY FUNDED SERVICES 公共资助服务的竞争和效率
Oecd Economic Studies Pub Date : 2003-05-12 DOI: 10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART10-EN
Jens Lundsgaard
{"title":"COMPETITION AND EFFICIENCY IN PUBLICLY FUNDED SERVICES","authors":"Jens Lundsgaard","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART10-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART10-EN","url":null,"abstract":"OECD countries gradually open the provision of publicly funded services to competition. This article sets out an analytical framework focusing on incentives and information asymmetries between government as a principal and the agents supplying publicly funded services, and reviews how these issues are addressed by different forms of competition. Taking a wide perspective across different publicly funded services, the article reviews to what extent and how OECD countries have introduced competition, and it seeks to compare and explain the differences based on service characteristics. This review covers education, childcare, long-term care for elderly and employment services. In such services used by individuals there can be benefits from letting users chooseamong alternative suppliers, but developing appropriate regulation shaping the incentives of users and suppliers is essential. Alternatively, competitive tendering and contracting can be used, as is frequently done in OECD countries in technical and support services, including in areas where the final services are supplied via a public monopoly. Private finance of infrastructure investment plays a minor role so far.","PeriodicalId":257911,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Economic Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115745710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 71
Estimation of the Cyclical Behaviour of Mark-ups 加价周期行为的估计
Oecd Economic Studies Pub Date : 2002-08-06 DOI: 10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART6-EN
J. O. Martins, S. Scarpetta
{"title":"Estimation of the Cyclical Behaviour of Mark-ups","authors":"J. O. Martins, S. Scarpetta","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART6-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART6-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents estimates of the cyclical fluctuations of price-cost margins, following an extended version of the Rotemberg and Woodford (1991) approach. The results support the hypothesis of counter-cyclical price margins in most manufacturing industries, especially in the presence of downward rigidities of labour inputs. This is consistent with a growing body of empirical literature showing that economic booms tend to increase competition or decrease the incentives for collusion, thereby creating downward pressures on price margins. It also offers an appealing interpretation of the otherwise puzzling pro-cyclicality of real wages.","PeriodicalId":257911,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Economic Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126750969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Investment in human capital through upper-secondary and tertiary education 通过高中和大学教育投资人力资本
Oecd Economic Studies Pub Date : 2002-08-06 DOI: 10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART3-EN
S. Blöndal, S. Field, Nathalie Girouard
{"title":"Investment in human capital through upper-secondary and tertiary education","authors":"S. Blöndal, S. Field, Nathalie Girouard","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART3-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART3-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the article indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally, the article notes that students in higher education tend to come from more affluent backgrounds and that they benefit from large public subsidies, whereas young people from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to participate in tertiary education and thus benefit from public subsidies.","PeriodicalId":257911,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Economic Studies","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133865930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 133
The contribution of information and communication technologies to economic growth in nine OECD countries 信息和通信技术对九个经合发组织国家经济增长的贡献
Oecd Economic Studies Pub Date : 2002-08-06 DOI: 10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART5-EN
A. Colecchia, P. Schreyer
{"title":"The contribution of information and communication technologies to economic growth in nine OECD countries","authors":"A. Colecchia, P. Schreyer","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART5-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART5-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares the impact of ICT capital accumulation on output growth in Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. The analysis uses a growth accounting framework and a newly compiled database of investment in ICT equipment and software based on the System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA93). It is found that over the past two decades, ICT contributed between 0.2 and 0.5 percentage point per year to economic growth, depending on the country. During the second half of the 1990s, this contribution rose to 0.3 to 0.9 percentage point per year.","PeriodicalId":257911,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Economic Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125964063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 93
Income Distribution and Poverty in the OECD Area: Trends and Driving Forces 经合组织地区的收入分配和贫困:趋势和驱动力
Oecd Economic Studies Pub Date : 2002-08-06 DOI: 10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART2-EN
M. Förster, M. Pearson
{"title":"Income Distribution and Poverty in the OECD Area: Trends and Driving Forces","authors":"M. Förster, M. Pearson","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART2-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2002-ART2-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses internationally-comparable data on the distribution of income across households to identify some well-founded facts to replace the conjecture and supposition which too often dominate discussions on inequality and poverty. There has been a general trend in nearly all OECD countries towards increased market income (earnings and income from capital) inequality between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s. However, in a significant minority of countries this has not resulted in higher levels of inequality because either the amounts distributed through the tax and transfer system have increased, or because it has become more progressive. Changes in income distribution in the past ten years generally favoured the prime-age and elderly age groups, particularly those around retirement age. Relative income levels of single parents are very low and have worsened in a number of countries. Trends in earned income, and in particular trends in employment, are found to be crucial in explaining these changes.","PeriodicalId":257911,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Economic Studies","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125549361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 114
Estimating the structural rate of unemployment for the OECD countries 估计经合组织国家的结构性失业率
Oecd Economic Studies Pub Date : 2002-01-14 DOI: 10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART14-EN
L. Boone, Claude Giorno, M. Meacci, David Rae, P. Richardson, D. Turner
{"title":"Estimating the structural rate of unemployment for the OECD countries","authors":"L. Boone, Claude Giorno, M. Meacci, David Rae, P. Richardson, D. Turner","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART14-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART14-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The paper first reviews the conceptual framework underlying different measures of structural unemployment as well as alternative empirical methods that have been used to provide estimates of them. Drawing on this review, it goes on to develop a method for estimating time-varying NAIRUs across a range of OECD countries using a Kalman filter. It then discusses the resulting econometric estimates, and the scope for their further refinement given the associated range of uncertainties. Recent trends in the NAIRU estimates are reviewed: they fell in many countries in the second half of the 1990s, although actual unemployment has remained well above the NAIRU for a majority of countries throughout much of the 1990s, particularly in Europe. Finally, the relevance of such measures to analysing inflation developments and monetary policy is discussed.","PeriodicalId":257911,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Economic Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134297602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 99
The Driving Forces of Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence for the OECD Countries 经济增长的驱动力:经合组织国家的面板数据证据
Oecd Economic Studies Pub Date : 2002-01-14 DOI: 10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART10-EN
Andrea Bassanini, S. Scarpetta
{"title":"The Driving Forces of Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence for the OECD Countries","authors":"Andrea Bassanini, S. Scarpetta","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART10-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART10-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses links between policy settings, institutions and economic growth in OECD countries on the basis of pooled cross-country time-series regressions. The novel econometric approach used in the paper allows short-term adjustments and convergence speeds to vary across countries, in accordance with most theoretical models, while imposing restrictions only on the long-run coefficients. In addition to the \"primary\" influences of physical and human capital accumulation, the results confirm the importance for growth of R&D activity, the macroeconomic environment, trade openness and well developed financial markets. They also confirm that many of the policy influences operate not only via the overall efficiency of factor use but also indirectly via the mobilisation of resources for fixed investment.","PeriodicalId":257911,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Economic Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134535523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 329
REGULATORY REFORM IN RETAIL DISTRIBUTION 零售流通监管改革
Oecd Economic Studies Pub Date : 2001-06-06 DOI: 10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART8-EN
Olivier Boylaud, G. Nicoletti
{"title":"REGULATORY REFORM IN RETAIL DISTRIBUTION","authors":"Olivier Boylaud, G. Nicoletti","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART8-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART8-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this paper is to analyse cross-country differences in the regulation of the retail distribution industry in the OECD area, focusing on the situation in 1998. Regulatory differences are cast against changes in the industry environment to highlight the potential interactions between regulation and market forces. A number of countries have extensively liberalised market access and price and service regulations. In some countries there is currently a tendency to introduce access restrictions for large outlets. In other countries market access has been traditionally hindered by restrictive regulations and administrative burdens. The available empirical evidence suggests that regulations that restrict shop opening hours and hinder access by imposing special requirements for outlet registration, siting and/or size thresholds curb the dynamism of the industry (e.g. lowering entry and exit rates, and preventing restructuring and modernisation) and competitive pressures, leading to lower employment growth and higher consumer prices.","PeriodicalId":257911,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Economic Studies","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122358410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 110
Regulatory reform in road freight 道路货运监管改革
Oecd Economic Studies Pub Date : 2001-06-06 DOI: 10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART7-EN
Olivier Boylaud, G. Nicoletti
{"title":"Regulatory reform in road freight","authors":"Olivier Boylaud, G. Nicoletti","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART7-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-V2001-ART7-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses regulatory developments across OECD Member countries in the road freight industry, with a focus on how these developments have affected competition and performance. Over the past two decades, a growing number of OECD countries have recognised that regulations unduly restricting competitive developments in this industry needed to be relaxed. Still, the pace and scale of liberalisation has varied widely from one country to another. The main remaining impediment to competition is the restrictive web of bilateral international and/or multilateral agreements that continue to impose discrimination on foreign hauliers. The empirical evidence available suggests that liberalisation has promoted efficiency and consumer welfare in the countries that have implemented reforms.","PeriodicalId":257911,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Economic Studies","volume":"4 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123730707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
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