Pakistan Journal of Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Innovative approaches to end TB in Pakistan: a review of TB REACH projects from 2010 to 2020","authors":"Farihah Malik, J. Creswell","doi":"10.32413/pjph.v11i2.695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v11i2.695","url":null,"abstract":"Background: TB REACH is a grant-making initiative launched by the Stop TB Partnership in January 2010 to support innovative approaches and technologies to find and treat people with active TB disease, drug-resistant TB, or TB infection. Since then, TB REACH has launched eight Waves of funding to pilot untested, but promising technologies, tools, and approaches. The objective of this paper was to review the grants implemented in Pakistan in the decade since TB REACH’s inception and to summarize the approaches used, document the results, and assess the impact of these projects on local and international policy.\u0000Methods: We searched the TB REACH’s Grant Management System (GMS), which is a database for information on all grants awarded through the initiative, for recipient organisations in Pakistan from 2010 until June 2020. Data was abstracted for the following topic areas: type of grant, focus of work, case finding strategies, risk groups screened and impact on case finding.\u0000Results: Through eight waves of funding, TB REACH has supported 28 grants for 21 different interventions in Pakistan worth a total of USD 13.4 million. Overall, 19 of these projects aimed to improve detection, linkage to treatment and reporting of TB and two were product innovation grants for developing resources and materials to aide TB service delivery.\u0000Conclusion: TB REACH support has facilitated the introduction of new technologies, establishment of innovative processes in both public and private sector and approaches for addressing TB in key populations. The TB response in Pakistan and globally will continue to require innovation and disruption of ‘business as usual' approaches if we are to End TB.","PeriodicalId":256876,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Public Health","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122276741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors’ Awareness and Prevalence among College Students in Karachi City","authors":"U. Jilani, Mehveen Iqbal, S. A. Jilani","doi":"10.32413/pjph.v11i2.718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v11i2.718","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aim of the study was to determine the health beliefs and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among the college students of Karachi city.\u0000Methods: A survey among students of the United Medical and Dental College and non-medical students was performed from the period of October 2019 to January 2020. A validated questionnaire was used to identify the health beliefs of the subjects, related to CVD and its determinants, along with a brief medical history to determine the prevalence of risk factors. The data was analysed by using SPSS version 23.\u0000Results: Among total subjects of 140, 53 (37.8%) males and 87 (62.1%) females participated in the study. The analysis presented an adequate knowledge of CVD and its determinants among 133 (95%) of the respondents. 112 (80%) of the participants demonstrated a significantly positive attitude and supported the primary prevention of CVD. However, the practices were found optimum in 80 (60%) of the respondents only, the rest were not up to the mark. It was identified that 69% of the respondents had at least one of the risk factors leading to CVD, which is a significant proportion.\u0000Conclusion: The majority of the participants of this study were aware of the CVD and its determinants, however, the practices observed for the primary prevention of CVDs were not up to the standard. Risk factors were significantly pervasive among the participants. The findings of this survey support the need for modification of lifestyle to promote primary prevention of CVD from an early age.","PeriodicalId":256876,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133873453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closure of Parks in Lockdown! Is It Good or Bad?","authors":"S. Zaidi, Q. Baig, M. Taqi","doi":"10.32413/pjph.v11i2.821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v11i2.821","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":256876,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Public Health","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114533829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, impact, management practices and factors associated with dysmenorrhea among students of Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College Lahore","authors":"Saadia Maqbool, I. Manzoor, Nidal Fatima, Saroosh Tahir, Hammad Shahid, M. U. Hanif, M. Haider, Noreen Tarar","doi":"10.32413/pjph.v11i2.722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v11i2.722","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dysmenorrhea is an important health issue of young adult females that badly affects their quality of life and academic performance. This study aimed to determine prevalence, impact, management practices and factors associated with dysmenorrhea among medical students.\u0000Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College Lahore from August 2020 to December 2020. Using Cochran’s sample size calculator and rounding off, sample size of 400 female students was calculated. Convenience sampling technique was used. A self-constructed questionnaire was used which was designed after extensive literature search. Pain intensity was estimated using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS version 23. Chi square test was applied to find association between variables. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u0000Results. Mean age of participants was 21.07 ± 2.58 years. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 79.5%. Statistically significant association was found between dysmenorrhea and participant’s age (p value=0.002),  marital status(p value=0.001), family income(p value=<0.001), age of menarche (p value=<0.001), days of  bleeding (p value=0.009) and regularity of cycle(p value=<0.001). Mostly participants used combinations of remedies. Rest was the most commonly used remedy to relieve pain.  Impact of dysmenorrhea included social withdrawal, inability to prepare for exam, difficulty in carrying out daily activities and absence from college.\u0000Conclusion. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 79.5%. Statistically significant association was found between dysmenorrhea and participant age,  marital status, family income, age of menarche, days of  bleeding and regularity of cycle. Alone or together, taking rest was the most commonly used remedy to relieve pain. Dysmenorrhea negatively affected quality of life.","PeriodicalId":256876,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Public Health","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130756037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burnout among Adolescent Population during Covid-19 Lockdown in Sialkot Pakistan","authors":"Roha Asif, Ijaz Amin, Wajida Perveen, M. Ali, Umer Ilyas, Khizra Bashir","doi":"10.32413/pjph.v11i2.750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v11i2.750","url":null,"abstract":"Background: To analyze the change in behavioral patterns, its impact, and peer pressure caused by COVID-19 lockdown among the adolescent population.\u0000Methods: It was an observational study with sample size of 443 participants. The study was conducted after ethical approval. Data were collected from different academic institutions in Sialkot, Pakistan using Burnout rating scale. The target population was adolescents of age 13-19 years. Regression analysis was done to find predictor factors mobile use and lockdown on the dependent variable Burnout score. The correlation was applied among mobile phone use, lockdown, and burnout score. IBM software SPSS version 21 was used to analyze data.\u0000Results: Among 443 participants, 305 were female and 138 were male making 68.8% and 31.2% respectively. 57.1% of participants were doing well, 24.8% became candidates for burnout. In 13.3% of candidates, the burnout made changes, and for only 4.7% action should be taken for their health. The correlation coefficient among burnout and using mobile was 0.194 that is highly significant showing a direct positive association between these two variables. The correlation coefficient (R) has a value of -0.222 between burnout and lockdown also showing significance.\u0000Conclusion: Behavioral changes in adolescents concerning burnout due to COVID-19 lockdown was more exaggerated than the actual burnout rate. Behavioral outcome due to COVID-19 lockdown was not that much destructive for adolescent mental health, but only if combined with the other negative traits of the individual.\u0000The protocol of the study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov wide Identifier: NCT04697030","PeriodicalId":256876,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Public Health","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127411171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analysis of Out-of-Pocket Expenditure Due to Non-Availability of Computed Tomography Scan in Public Sector: A Case Study of Hira Medical Center Sukkur Pakistan","authors":"Shahbaz Iftikhar, Hammal Khan Naseer Baloch, Sonia Riaz, S. Iqbal","doi":"10.32413/pjph.v11i2.664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v11i2.664","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Out of pocket (OOP) spending on health contributes significantly to levels of poverty in developing countries such as Pakistan. In poor countries there is reduced or limited access to health services, the issue of affordability and availability which all lead to impaired health status and increased morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. Catastrophic health expenditure is not always synonymous with high health care costs; even small Out of pocket expenses may cause catastrophic condition for poor people.\u0000Methods: This is a cross sectional study that determined the out of pocket cost of computed tomography scan test (CT scan). The study was conducted from April to June 2015. The study population was those patients who came for CT scan at Hira medical center in district Sukkur Sindh Pakistan. The study sample was one hundred and seventy patients. (n=150).  From the perspective of consumer the methodology was adopted, various recurrent costs were determined under different levels of input and cost canters. The data was entered and analyses using SPSS 20 to provide the results as percentages and averages for the different variables in this study.\u0000Results: Through this research we found that out of pocket payments are way too high while putting alot of burden on lower socioeconomic groups. Health expenditure Average cost per patient calculated were Rs. 11000 which means people spend more than 40% of  their monthly income on health. There should be a government health facility in the city to compensate the huge cost which people pay for health especially low monthly income people.\u0000Conclusion: Government should introduce a health coverage insurance system in Pakistan in order to cover all health care needs of the people irrespective of their socioeconomic status. Keeping in view high out of pocket spending on health, the Government should subsidize the prices of diagnostic test to give relief to its Population. Community participation is also essential for sustainable solutions.","PeriodicalId":256876,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Public Health","volume":"61 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125933624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of COVID-19 Management at Saidu Group of Teaching Hospital Swat: Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"A. Khan, Anwar Ali, Hussan Zeb, Bakht Rahman, Ijaz Arif, Abdul Muneem, Misal Khan, M. N. Awan","doi":"10.32413/pjph.v11i2.726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v11i2.726","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This research aimed to assess the current care management processes for COVID-19 and determine patient outcomes.\u0000Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Saidu group of teaching hospital, a tertiary care hospital with more than a thousand-bed capacity. The target population was all patients admitted to the corona isolation ward and the hospital's critical unit. All the patients admitted through the emergency and inpatient department with Positive PCR, and respiratory symptoms were included in the study.\u0000Results: In total, data of 151 patients were collected. Of these, 90 (59.6%) were male and 61 (40.4%) were female with a mean age of 59.17±13.79. The most common presenting symptoms were difficulty in breathing (n=147, 97.4%) and dry cough (n=104, 68.9%), followed by aches and pain (n=71, 47%) and fever (n=60, 39.7%). Most of the patients had an underlying health condition (n=96, 63.6%). The most common underlying conditions were hypertension (n=65, 43%) and diabetes (n=56, 37.1%). The mean time for the hospital stay was 11.68±15.31. About 64% of the patients recovered with the treatment and care protocols (n=97, 64.2%), while the remaining (n=54, 35.8%) died.\u0000Conclusion: This study provides an overview of the clinical presentation and treatment protocol for COVID-19. Most of the patients received supportive treatment comprising of antivirals, steroids, and oxygen therapy. However, the mortality rate was low compared to other hospitals across the country.","PeriodicalId":256876,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Public Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129655528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Activity for Active Cases of COVID-19: Can Patients Do Physical Exercise?","authors":"M. Rafiq","doi":"10.32413/pjph.v11i2.806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v11i2.806","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic was first detected in China at the end of 2019 (1), with Pakistan’s first case being reported on 26th February 2020 in Karachi (2). Various injurious effects of COVID-19 in the human body include lung damage, pneumonia (3), abnormal blood coagulation profile (4), kidney failure and heart damage. World Health Organization has instructed people to stay at home to reduce exposure to the virus and minimize its transmission (5). People feel loneliness and social isolation by the safety recommendations of the virus. Both loneliness and social isolation produce physical and mental healthrelated problems. Maintaining routine physical activity in a safe home environment is necessary for healthy living amid the pandemic. Participation in routine physical activity reduces the risk of systemic inflammation, which is the main cause of lung damage caused by COVID-19 (6). Home-based physical activity programs with low or moderate intensity exercises have been shown to be safe and effective for patients with stable cardiovascular diseases. Moderate and sustained physical activity improves the response of immune system against various respiratory viral infections like influenza and SARS (7). Literature is indeterminate about the effect of short interval exercise training on the immune system. Gaps have been identified in the literature regarding the necessity of physical activity for the active cases of COVID-19. The active cases of COVID-19 may benefit from the following recommended model of physical activity (Table 1). This model was designed with the help of several physical activity and rehabilitation experts.","PeriodicalId":256876,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Public Health","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130507195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pancreatic Cancers: A Review of Studies from Pakistan and Comparison with Global Trends","authors":"S. Ali, Y. Adnan, S. M. A. Ali","doi":"10.32413/pjph.v11i2.741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v11i2.741","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this review article is to discuss clinical data from studies on Pakistani pancreatic cancer population and its comparison with international data. This review article will allow researchers to identify gaps in the data and hence to design further research in order to address these gaps accordingly.\u0000Search was carried out via Google Scholar, PubMed and PakMediNet search engines using keywords “Pancreatic cancers”, “Pancreatic adenocarcinoma” and “Pakistan”.\u0000Pancreatic cancers are one of the most lethal cancers globally. Statistics show that 97.8% of cases of pancreatic cancers in Pakistan have led to mortality. For various cancers around the world, epidemiological data has been used for development of diagnostic tools and therapies. Despite the alarming situation of pancreatic cancers in Pakistan, only limited work has been done in this area. Majority of the studies are based exclusively on reporting of clinical data. Pakistan has not been able to even gather sufficient data to proceed research based on association of molecular aspects of tumor with clinical characteristics. On the contrary, researchers, scientists and clinicians from other parts of the world are already working on association studies, prediction of prognosis, treatment selection and improving the survival of their population.\u0000It is an immense need of the situation that molecular based studies are carried out on Pakistani pancreatic cancer population so that diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and survival of these patients can be made better.","PeriodicalId":256876,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Public Health","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131788872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hesitancy towards COVID-19 Vaccination and Neutralization of False Perceptions among the Communities","authors":"P.S.H. Weerawarna, Murad Habib, Muhammad Abbas","doi":"10.32413/pjph.v11i2.780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v11i2.780","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which has invaded every continent very rapidly, has already been a pandemic. The best solution only seems to be the vaccination rather than simple preventive measures such as wearing masks, frequent hand washing, and social distancing.\u0000In this article, we analyze the factors affecting hesitancy, delay, and refusal of Covid-19 vaccines and suggest how to take steps to overcome the vaccine hesitancy, thus increasing acceptance and eliminating the pandemic as soon as possible.\u0000A comprehensive literature search was performed using Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify empirical literature published in English until April 2021.  \u0000Several countries and pharmaceutical companies have come up with different vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Since several strains are emerging, more new vaccines will come to the market. The cost, facilities available, and convenience need to be considered in choosing an option for vaccination. Although the world is looking at the positives of vaccines and getting out of this threat, some more factors might slow down that effort. Vaccine hesitancy, delay, or refusal should be discussed extensively as that influences the vaccination process remarkably.\u0000The demographic features of several communities, educational background, socio-economic status, and trust in healthcare services are factors leading to vaccine hesitancy or acceptance. The governments, experts, and healthcare professionals should have an excellent understanding of the factors influencing hesitancy and acceptance and should take necessary steps to encourage the population's vaccination.","PeriodicalId":256876,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Public Health","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115154400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}