{"title":"Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement","authors":"Dragan Bogetić","doi":"10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":255304,"journal":{"name":"The 60th Anniversary of the Non-Aligned Movement","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115697532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"60th Anniversary of the Establishment of Non-Aligned Movement — Invitation to Reason, Dialogue and Coexistence","authors":"Živadin Jovanović","doi":"10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch12","url":null,"abstract":": Today, the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) consists of 120 countries, which is two-thirds of the total number of members of the United Nations. It is indisputable that the NAM played a historically significant role in four basic directions of global development – in decolonisation, reducing the bloc division of the world, strengthening solidarity among developing countries (South–South), as well as in democratising international relations. Today, among the members of the NAM are countries with extremely dynamic economies such as India, Indonesia, South Africa, Nigeria, Angola, and among the observers are China and Brazil – the members of the BRICS. Several members and observers of the NAM are also members of the Group of 20 most economically developed countries in the world. Almost all major countries producing and exporting oil, gas and other important strategic raw materials from Africa, Asia and Latin America are in the Non-Aligned Movement. Despite the essential changes that occurred after the end of the Cold War, and which led to the cessation of the bloc confrontation and the establishment of a new post-bipolar world order, the role of the Non-Aligned Movement in achieving a more just world order has not ceased. On the contrary, its role has been deepened and intensified through the development of multilateral cooperation that should eliminate various types of threats and risks to international peace and security. Since more balanced economic and technological development, reducing the gap between rich and poor, eradicating misery, hunger and poverty are some of the most important goals of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Movement remains a significant factor in","PeriodicalId":255304,"journal":{"name":"The 60th Anniversary of the Non-Aligned Movement","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125595345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"India and Non-Alignment — Formative Years","authors":"Amitabha Gupta","doi":"10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch4","url":null,"abstract":": Prior to India’s independence, Jawaharlal Nehru declared non-alignment to be the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy. The same approach is taken by the current government of India, which adheres to this tradition. This chapter shows that non-alignment meant very little right from the start, as it was neither defined nor did it give any practical guidance for a general course or individual cases. On the contrary, a rivalling concept for an aligned foreign policy, authored by the Ministry of External Affairs first Secretary-General G.S. Bajpai, was based on a quarter-century of experience on the international floor and breathed deep realism. While Nehru over the years left it mostly with commonplaces, Bajpai’s realism occasionally surfaced both in the prime minister’s statements and Indian foreign policy. Early decision-making, decisions and non-decisions in the cases of China and Germany show confusion in the upper ranks of the Indian Foreign Service. Finally, national interest was pursued for pragmatic or economic motives, although the term was strictly avoided in the public as it contracted the Nehruvian idea of uniqueness and idealism.","PeriodicalId":255304,"journal":{"name":"The 60th Anniversary of the Non-Aligned Movement","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121099111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2021, the Non-Aligned Movement in the Global Arena: Geopolitical Considerations and Reaffirmed Needs in a Multipolar Setting","authors":"I. Tarrósy","doi":"10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch22","url":null,"abstract":": This chapter offers an overview of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in the modern global system using Dominique Moïsi’s innovative geopolitical approach of emotions. It looks at how the place and role of the NAM have been changing in international relations since its foundations were laid down at the conferences of Bandung (1955) and Belgrade (1961). The analysis presents a number of questions for further debate over the changing global order and the issues and approaches represented by the NAM within it, centred around such key questions as human security and “development as freedom” along the theory of Amartya Sen. It deals with the 18 th NAM Summit held in Baku, Azerbaijan, and draws upon several of the key statements of its final document in an effort to confirm the refined relevance of the Movement in the 21 st century.","PeriodicalId":255304,"journal":{"name":"The 60th Anniversary of the Non-Aligned Movement","volume":"176 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114084435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tanzania, the Non-Aligned Movement and Non Alignment","authors":"S. Onslow","doi":"10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch17","url":null,"abstract":": This paper explores the ideology and agenda behind Tanzania’s active membership of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the emergence of a dynamic interaction between the Tanzanian government’s foreign policy strategy and the government’s domestic policy and legitimacy. The chapter charts Tanzania’s evolution “as a stable and important member of the non-aligned group” setting out Tanzania’s particular contribution at the NA Meetings at the UN and in other multilateral fora. The paper sets out the importance of the liberation of South Africa from white minority rule. Emancipation of all African brothers from white domination could not be confined to individual nation-states; this was a transnational moral and psychological imperative that encompassed racial justice and social justice; it concerned the right of self-determination of small nations. For Nyerere and his fellow Tanzanians, this was not simply reactive support for liberation movements facing oppression; it was pro-active support. The decolonisation of Africa demanded the structural economic transformation and a corresponding dedication to enhance the African agenda in the workings of the international system, to correct the skewed international political economy and division into antagonistic ideological blocs. The Non-Aligned Movement and the practice of non-alignment were thus a vital counterweight to marginalisation, insidious bias and continued exploitation by the developed European world. The paper provides an analysis of Tanzania’s position in the NAM in the latter part of the 1980s and 1990s after President Julius Nyerere stepped down from office. Also, the paper considers the relationship with the superpowers and the People’s Republic of China (PRC).","PeriodicalId":255304,"journal":{"name":"The 60th Anniversary of the Non-Aligned Movement","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130088662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Non Aligned Movement and Reform Tendencies in the United Nations","authors":"D. Dimitrijević","doi":"10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch25","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents findings of a study developed as a part of the research project “Serbia and","PeriodicalId":255304,"journal":{"name":"The 60th Anniversary of the Non-Aligned Movement","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121992708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Apprehension, Engagement, and Withdrawal: The U.S. Approach to Cold War Non-Alignment","authors":"R. Rakove","doi":"10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch5","url":null,"abstract":": Although the United States (US) was a traditional practitioner of neutrality, the experience of the two world wars led American Cold War creators to take a sharper approach to non-alignment. This chapter charts Washington’s response to non-alignment in the early and middle Cold War years, with special attention to efforts by the Kennedy administration to engage the leading states of the Non-Aligned Movement, particularly at the Belgrade Conference. Despite initial successes in the Kennedy years, the policy of engagement foundered during the presidency of Lyndon Johnson, amid the acrimony of the Vietnam War.","PeriodicalId":255304,"journal":{"name":"The 60th Anniversary of the Non-Aligned Movement","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128963311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Prehi Botchway, Akwasi Kwarteng Amoako-Gyampah
{"title":"The Non-Aligned Movement, Ghana and the Early Days of African Diplomacy: Reflections on a Developing Country’s Foreign Policy","authors":"Thomas Prehi Botchway, Akwasi Kwarteng Amoako-Gyampah","doi":"10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18485/iipe_60nam.2021.ch16","url":null,"abstract":": This paper is an attempt at reviewing Ghana’s foreign policy as a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). It examines the key tenets of the NAM and juxtaposes it with Ghana’s foreign policy directions from the early days of Nkrumah till recent times when virtually all African states have taken sides with one world power or the other. It is about the reflections of what the NAM stands for and how its members have been conducting foreign policy, and the successes and failures in the developing world, and the lessons that can be learnt from its existence in the last six decades. We use Ghana as a case for trying to understand the NAM and the conduct of foreign policy. We realise that though the NAM members such as Ghana still believe in the core principles that underpin the Movement, the country’s foreign policy orientation has not always been one of the total non-alignment. Instead, exigencies in the contemporary international system as well as leadership idiosyncrasy and other related matters by and large influence Ghana’s foreign policy.","PeriodicalId":255304,"journal":{"name":"The 60th Anniversary of the Non-Aligned Movement","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132471960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}