{"title":"Revolution and Exodus","authors":"R. Whatmore","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh8r0qp.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r0qp.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the events of the revolution as well as its aftermath. The représentants intended gradually to take power at Geneva by means of a new law code. Law would place limits upon the powers of the magistrates by establishing a clear distinction between sovereignty and government. For the représentants, there came the point when the magistrates could not be trusted to pursue the public interest. Constitutional change, in the form of the new law code, was justified especially when the magistrates wanted to involve the French in day-to-day politics, seemingly handing over Genevan sovereignty to the foreign power. At the same time, the argument was reiterated that the représentants were protecting independence and the established constitution. It was the magistrates who had once been the fathers of the state, living honourable lives of simplicity and frugality, but who had turned to luxury and selfishness.","PeriodicalId":254258,"journal":{"name":"Terrorists, Anarchists, and Republicans","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129722312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Civil War","authors":"R. Whatmore","doi":"10.1142/9789811205446_0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811205446_0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the events leading up to the Revolution of 1782 in Geneva. It had been anticipated in the 1760s, because of the extent of the antagonism between the parties in Genevan politics, and the accusations levelled against one another. Many of the magistrates involved in the events of the 1760s believed that they had suffered a defeat with the compromise or pacification of 1768. They were also sure that the lesson was learned that France needed to intervene militarily to crush the anarchists and democrats among the représentants. Certainly the magistrates were prepared for civil war in 1782, in a manner that they had not been in the 1760s.","PeriodicalId":254258,"journal":{"name":"Terrorists, Anarchists, and Republicans","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122728909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Geneva","authors":"R. Whatmore","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh8r0qp.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r0qp.16","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the circumstances relating to the establishment of New Geneva. If the Genevans were from the first associated with the Ulster Volunteers movement, members of the governments in London and Dublin had very different ideas about their purpose. Shelburne undoubtedly had in mind combating France, and proving that Britain, whatever the views of the North American republicans, remained an asylum for liberty. In other words, New Geneva was indissolubly tied to the existing state of international relations. For others, New Geneva yielded a more positive image of Ireland. The support of King George III for the project may well have been because it promised the promotion of forms of Protestantism, and of the morals associated with them that he admired.","PeriodicalId":254258,"journal":{"name":"Terrorists, Anarchists, and Republicans","volume":"EM-23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126525916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Shelburne","authors":"R. Whatmore","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh8r0qp.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r0qp.15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter turns to the second Earl of Shelburne, William Petty. He was referred to as Lord Shelburne during his life, and by his many antagonists as ‘Malagrida’, after the notorious Portuguese Jesuit Gabriel Malagrida, who had described the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 as the judgement of God upon a sinful people, and who was later executed for purported involvement in a plot to assassinate King José I. Shelburne was likened to Malagrida for calling himself a patriot while encouraging faction and opposition to George III, for associating with so-called republicans and levellers, for supporting John Wilkes's campaign for reinstatement as a member of parliament, and for lacking any sense of humour. For Shelburne's opponents, he was a dangerous Whig, a constitutional meddler, a friend to radicals and dissenters, and likely to cause the collapse of the country if he ever gained power. For the Genevan rebels, Shelburne's involvement in Whig politics was to have profound consequences.","PeriodicalId":254258,"journal":{"name":"Terrorists, Anarchists, and Republicans","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115003181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"After Revolution","authors":"R. Whatmore","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691168777.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691168777.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter reflects on the events at New Geneva and the political context of Europe at large. There was more than a hint of irony in the fact that members of the United Irishmen were put to death at New Geneva. This was one of the most significant outcomes of the Waterford experiment. The intention had never of course been to create a military base for soldiers. The buildings were made for republicans. Yet it was at the site of New Geneva that the British troops and loyalist volunteers employed dreadful violence against the United Irishmen. New Geneva Barracks passed into folklore because of the bloody treatment of the rebels. The British government, still at war with revolutionary France, used the example of what happened in 1798 to justify a ‘Scottish solution’ to the Irish problem: the Acts of Union of 1800, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801.","PeriodicalId":254258,"journal":{"name":"Terrorists, Anarchists, and Republicans","volume":"148 Pt 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126316806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Barracks and Prison","authors":"R. Whatmore","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh8r0qp.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r0qp.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter shows that there were two different kinds of republicanism operating in Ireland, one in the 1780s and the other in the 1790s. From the perspective of Ireland's rulers, if the forms of republicanism that emerged in the 1790s generated fear on an unprecedented scale, there was a direct link with the armed popular movements of the 1780s that perceived Ireland to be a newly liberated state, if one still loyal to Britain. That Ireland's rulers saw the Volunteer and Patriot movements as amounting to a military challenge to the state explained the acceptance of the plan to make New Geneva into a barracks. The growth of a new kind of republicanism in France explained the formation of the prison. It also led to the brutality that ultimately occurred within its walls.","PeriodicalId":254258,"journal":{"name":"Terrorists, Anarchists, and Republicans","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131893555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Extremism","authors":"R. Whatmore","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvh8r0qp.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r0qp.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter identifies Jean-Jacques Rousseau as the overwhelming cause of the polarisation of Genevan politics. It was claimed at Geneva and across Europe that Rousseau wanted to replace Christianity with a new religion, purged of the corruption and fakery that he perceived all around him. As one aghast correspondent told Rousseau around 1762, he should either respect ‘the errors of the peoples among whom you live’ or ‘raise the standard of Reformation, and become an Apostle’. The term ‘combustible’ cropped up all the time in discussions of Rousseau, and was applied to his ideas about politics as well as to his view of religion. Rousseau was increasingly accused of seeking to foment a war between aristocrats and democrats. This was widely held to be the end point of his political theory, the necessary prelude to the reformation of commercial societies that he imagined, through the defeat of luxury and the establishment of the sovereignty of the people, as the vital principle of political legitimacy, and as the foundation of a prosperous household economy within an agrarian republic.","PeriodicalId":254258,"journal":{"name":"Terrorists, Anarchists, and Republicans","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123790713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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