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The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation最新文献

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Does Goal Pursuit Require Conscious Awareness? 追求目标需要有意识的意识吗?
The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.15
R. Custers, S. Vermeent, H. Aarts
{"title":"Does Goal Pursuit Require Conscious Awareness?","authors":"R. Custers, S. Vermeent, H. Aarts","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"Human behavior is directed at goals. Although goal pursuit is traditionally regarded as an endeavor that requires conscious awareness, experimental evidence in psychology suggests that human goal pursuit can originate and unfold in the unconscious. Accordingly, goal-directed behavior could be motivated outside conscious awareness in the current situation or environment. This chapter reviews past and current research examining the evidence for such unconscious motivation of goal-directed behavior. The review is organized around two themes. The first theme deals with research that analyzes goal pursuit as automated behaviors, thereby addressing the operational function of repetition for motivated processes in directing and controlling behavior in the absence of conscious awareness. The second theme concerns the quest of understanding the unconscious sources of human goal pursuit and includes a discussion of recent work on reward cueing, aimed at addressing the question of how reward signals in the environment can motivate behavior outside awareness.","PeriodicalId":253941,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123766736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Relatedness Between Children and Parents 孩子和父母之间的关系
The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.19
E. Pomerantz, C. Cheung, Lili Qin
{"title":"Relatedness Between Children and Parents","authors":"E. Pomerantz, C. Cheung, Lili Qin","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"A significant goal in many countries around the world is promoting children’s motivation so that they may achieve at their full potential. There is much evidence supporting the idea that parents play a significant role in either facilitating or undermining children’s motivation. The focus of this chapter is on how relatedness between children and their parents shapes the development of children’s motivation and ultimately achievement. Three sets of ideas about how relatedness between children and their parents contributes to children’s motivation are reviewed. An integration of the three sets of ideas is provided to highlight key themes as well as suggest innovative directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":253941,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133364950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Regulatory Focus Theory and Research 监管焦点理论与研究
The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.4
Abigail A. Scholer, James F. M. Cornwell, E. Higgins
{"title":"Regulatory Focus Theory and Research","authors":"Abigail A. Scholer, James F. M. Cornwell, E. Higgins","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the motivational dynamics of the promotion and prevention systems outlined in regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997). It includes a review of the core tenets of the theory—identifying and responding to important and frequently asked questions—in discussing significant research of the past two decades since the theory made its debut. In particular, the chapter includes a discussion of what defines each system, how regulatory focus orientations are commonly measured and manipulated, what differentiates promotion and prevention motivation from approach and avoidance motivation, what characterizes the trade-offs of each system, and newer developments in research on regulatory fit, group dynamics, and motivational flexibility. Throughout, avenues for future research are suggested.","PeriodicalId":253941,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133458369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Envisioning Progress and Perils 展望进步与危险
The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.28
R. Ryan, E. Bradshaw
{"title":"Envisioning Progress and Perils","authors":"R. Ryan, E. Bradshaw","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.28","url":null,"abstract":"This final chapter reflects on the rich contributions within this Handbook of Human Motivation on diverse topics including self-regulation, biological mechanisms, awareness, defensiveness and oppression, and the facilitation of engagement, learning, and behavior change. These processes are examined within broad theoretical frameworks, as well as in specific domains such as close relationships, physical activity, work, education, and psychotherapy. Building on these contributions, the chapter projects forward in time to ask the question of whether future scientists and practitioners will think these authors from the early 21st century were asking the right questions. The chapter includes speculation on how developments in technology, research methodologies, big data, and globalization, among other trends, will reshape the science of motivation not only in its focus and efficacy, but also in its ethics and applications to the formidable problems likely to be faced by our species on a warming and crowded planet.","PeriodicalId":253941,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124611477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Autonomous Motivation, Internalization, and the Self 自主动机，内化和自我
The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation Pub Date : 2019-09-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.22
M. Quirin, M. Tops, J. Kuhl
{"title":"Autonomous Motivation, Internalization, and the Self","authors":"M. Quirin, M. Tops, J. Kuhl","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"In humanistic psychology, autonomy, internalization, and the self constitute fundamental concepts to explain adaptive behavior and well-being. However, the momentary mental processes, their interactions, and individual differences that constitute a causal fundament for these concepts are yet underexplored. The authors will analyze these processes against the backdrop of a functional approach, Personality Systems Interactions Theory, which conceives the self as one out of several neurocognitive systems and highlights its role for autonomous motivation and self-regulation. We attempt to provide answers to questions such as the following: Which momentary mental processes and underlying neurocognitive systems (e.g., large-scale brain networks) facilitate the establishment of stages of internalization? Can the self become inhibited in a way that even highly internalized goals and values may not manifest in behavior? Which role does the self play in emotion regulation and decision-making, and how do these processes in turn facilitate autonomous behavior? The authors believe that the present functional analysis advances a conciliation between a phenomenologically-oriented, humanities view and a process-oriented natural science view on human motivation.","PeriodicalId":253941,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123705778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Goal Attainment 目标达到情况
The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation Pub Date : 2019-08-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.14
P. Gollwitzer, G. Oettingen
{"title":"Goal Attainment","authors":"P. Gollwitzer, G. Oettingen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with a description of how the goal concept emerged in the history of the psychology of motivation to better understand the important role it plays in current research on motivation. The chapter then turns to the self-regulation of goal pursuit. The effects and underlying processes of two different self-regulation strategies will be discussed in detail: mental contrasting and forming implementation intentions. The chapter concludes with a report of the results of recent intervention studies that combine the self-regulation strategies of mental contrasting and forming implementation intentions to help people enhance goal attainment in the health, academic, and interpersonal domains.","PeriodicalId":253941,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114656742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Advances in Motivation in Exercise and Physical Activity 运动与体育活动动机研究进展
The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation Pub Date : 2019-08-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.25
M. Hagger
{"title":"Advances in Motivation in Exercise and Physical Activity","authors":"M. Hagger","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"Given the considerable epidemiological evidence linking regular physical activity with good health and reduced risk of chronic disease, health psychologists have adopted theories and models of motivation to understand the antecedents and processes that give rise to health-related physical activity. These theories are important because they provide the basis for the development and evaluation of interventions aimed at promoting increased physical activity in a largely sedentary population. This chapter reviews three of the leading theories that have been applied in physical activity contexts: the theory of planned behavior, self-determination theory, and achievement goal theory. Advances in research that have aimed to promote better understanding of the factors that underpin motivation in physical activity and the relevant processes are also reviewed, including implementation intentions, the increasing importance of psychological needs, and theoretical integration. In addition, the role of methodological improvements such as the measurement of implicit motivational processes and the need for gold standard designs when evaluating physical activity interventions based on these theories are highlighted. Future research must develop hybrid interventions adopting both motivational and implemental strategies to change physical activity behavior, research should extend knowledge of the relative contribution of implicit and explicit motivational processes on physical activity behavior, and investigations to evaluate physical activity interventions should pay careful attention to design and evaluation.","PeriodicalId":253941,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122443454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Motivational Neuroscience 激励神经科学
The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation Pub Date : 2019-08-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.20
J. Reeve, Woogul Lee
{"title":"Motivational Neuroscience","authors":"J. Reeve, Woogul Lee","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.20","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the present chapter is to show the relevance of neuroscience research to human motivation researchers. The first part of the chapter discusses the current status of the possible integration of motivational psychology and neuroscience into the new emerging field of motivational neuroscience. The second part identifies 15 brain structures and 5 neural pathways that underlie most of the neural basis of human motivational states. The third part examines how recent findings in neuroscience have advanced the understanding of 14 widely studied motivational concepts, including those automatically activated by environmental stimuli (hunger, thirst), those learned from the rewarding properties of environmental stimuli (incentives, rewards, expectancy, value), and those proactively generated by the individual (agency, volition, self-regulation, goals, curiosity, intrinsic motivation, psychological needs, and autonomous self-regulation). The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.","PeriodicalId":253941,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130252208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Inside the Black Box 黑匣子内部
The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation Pub Date : 2019-08-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.1
R. Ryan
{"title":"Inside the Black Box","authors":"R. Ryan","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"Historical trends in the study of human motivation reveal a movement away from an exclusive focus on external reinforcements and punishments in shaping behavior and toward the understanding, first, of internal mediating mechanisms and processes, and second, of the internal sources of motivation reflecting our evolved propensities and natures. The contributions in this volume are especially strong regarding these internal sources of motivation and mediational processes, with contributions focused on biological underpinnings, the dynamics of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, implicit and explicit cognition and self-appraisals, the roles of expectancies and goals, and the environmental and social factors that influence or moderate these motivation-relevant mechanisms and processes. Contributions also highlight the applied significance of contemporary motivation research, which is influencing practice and outcomes in domains such as parenting, education, physical activity, sport, work and organizations, and psychotherapy.","PeriodicalId":253941,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125346684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Ego Depletion 自我损耗
The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation Pub Date : 2019-08-12 DOI: 10.4324/9781315175775-1
Mark Muraven, J. Buczny, K. Law
{"title":"Ego Depletion","authors":"Mark Muraven, J. Buczny, K. Law","doi":"10.4324/9781315175775-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315175775-1","url":null,"abstract":"Self-control all too often fails. Despite people’s best intentions and considerable negative outcomes, people often find themselves at the losing end of resisting temptation, combating urges, and changing their behavior. One reason for these failures may be that exerting self-control depletes a limited resource (ego depletion) that is necessary for the success of self-control. Hence, after exerting self-control, individuals are less able resist temptations, fight urges, or stop a behavior that results in a loss of self-control. This chapter reviews the evidence for this theory in a wide variety of domains and examines what behaviors appear to deplete ego strength and how depletion affects behavior. A comprehensive theory that examines how depletion operates is put forth and used to examine some factors that might moderate the depletion effect.","PeriodicalId":253941,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129124503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 186
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