{"title":"Wear Properties of High-Hardness Tool Steel by Directed Energy Deposition Based Additive Manufacturing","authors":"Sungwook Kim, Chang-Keun Chun","doi":"10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, with the increase in the application of UHSS plates in automobiles, the service life of existing molds is being shortened, and directed energy deposited type 3D printing technology is being considered as a way to extend the service life. In this study, in order to improve the service life of cold molds, the wear characteristics of the deposited parts using composition systems were analysed, and the possibility of practical application was estimated through evaluation with shear molds.Since the high hardness of AM layer can be reached without additional heat treatment, it was expected to improve the service life when applied to the surface of the mold. Through the wear evaluation of the ball-on-disk method, it was confirmed the wear performance improvement of M4, and as a result of the shear mold life evaluation of 1.5 GPa class high-strength automotive steel plate for the M4 deposited, it was found that shear up to 17,000 strokes were possible. When the number of strokes was increased, a fracture layer due to deposition was observed in the cross-section of the mold surface, and it is believed that additional heat treatment research is required to improve the life of the AM mold.","PeriodicalId":253691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Welding and Joining","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124802215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study on the Change of Wire Feeding Speed in GTA Welding (Ⅰ) - Changes in the Modes of Metal Transfer -","authors":"Dae-Jin Park, Jehyoung Cho, Youngwhan Park","doi":"10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.9","url":null,"abstract":"GTA welding (GTAW) is a representative welding technique employed for pipe root gap welding. Although this technique allows the control of the current and wire feeding speed as independent variables, it is difficult to determine these variables to ensure appropriate quality. In the pipe root gap welding task, the parameters of automated welding applications are difficult to determine due to gap and misalignment. Accordingly, this study was conducted to examine changes in the modes of metal transfer according to the welding current and wire feeding speed. In the various processes of GTAW, changes in volume transfer form yield certain advantages and disadvantages, necessitating appropriate tuning procedures to maintain a desired quality. Changes in heat input ratio (HIR), which relates to the welding heat input (HI) and wire feeding speed, were observed to predict modes of metal transfer. According to changes in welding current and wire feeding speed, metal transfer was expressed as an index, and a regression equation was formulated to predict the modes of metal transfer through said index.","PeriodicalId":253691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Welding and Joining","volume":"33 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125712380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kwon, SeongSeon Shin, S. Joo, Jong-hyeon Lee, Ju-Yi Hwang, HyunDeok Kim
{"title":"A Study on the Optimization of 3D Printing Additive Manufacturing by Direct Energy Deposition Method Using High Speed Steel Material","authors":"Y. Kwon, SeongSeon Shin, S. Joo, Jong-hyeon Lee, Ju-Yi Hwang, HyunDeok Kim","doi":"10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an additive manufacturing (AM) optimization process experiment was conducted using high-hardness metal powders (AISI M4) that can be used for mold repairs. The process variables applied in the experiment were the laser power, laser head moving speed, and powder feed rate, and the manufacture cross section was analyzed through one-pass manufacturing. The AM efficiency was evaluated for each process with respect to the layer height, dilution ratio, and global energy density. In the case of the layer height, the AM efficiency was good under the condition of the laser output of 500 W. In the case of the dilution ratio, the AM efficiency was good under the conditions of a powder feed rate of 6 g/min and laser head moving speed of 500 mm/min. Finally, the GED values of the process variables applied in this experiment were calculated, and the AM efficiency was excellent at values between 60 and 108 J/mm2.","PeriodicalId":253691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Welding and Joining","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122395940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study on Electromagnetic Riveting Behavior of High-Strength Rivets Depending on Hardness","authors":"B. Yoon, J. Shim, D. Choo","doi":"10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the application of aluminum based on ultra-high strength steel is expanding around high-end models of electric vehicles, so it is necessary to develop strategic welding/joining technologies for these materials. In the case of overseas advanced automobile companies, such development is being carried out at the level of introducing mass production facilities through the development of joining technology, but in Korea, the localization rate of original core technology and related equipment in the field of welding and joining is still very insufficient. Therefore, in this study, in order to develop a high-strength rivet suitable for the rivet process during the multi-material bonding process, cold forging steel was used to attain an appropriate level of hardness through changes in the microstructure through heat treatment. Rivets with different hardness were fabricated through heat treatment, and flaring and tensile test were conducted. As a result of flaring test of rivets, buckling occurred with hardness values of Hv 447 and 486, while cracks occurred without buckling in rivets with hardness values of Hv 506. But as a result of tensile shear test using GA980 and Al5052 materials, there was no significant difference in tensile shear load values according to hardness values of the rivets.","PeriodicalId":253691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Welding and Joining","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121074751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Numerical Investigation on Reduction Characteristics of Welding Deformation According to Standoff Distance in Heat Sink Welding Process","authors":"Ji-Hyun Yi, Bum-su Go, Yong-Hyuk Kwon, H. Bang","doi":"10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Welding with a trailing heat sink process is proposed as a useful technique to reduce welding deformation without a significant loss of manufacturing efficiency. In particular, this method is effective than the existing mechanical or thermal correction method in thin plate steel structures with low stiffness. In this study, a three-dimensional thermal elastic-plastic finite element model using a 3-mm thick 304L stainless steel sheet was developed to simulate heat sink welding. The reduction characteristics of welding deformation according to the standoff distance between the welding heat source and the heat sink zone was investigated in the numerical simulation. The results confirmed that the longitudinal and angular deformations were significantly reduced compared with those by conventional welding. The longitudinal deformation was reduced by approximately 60%, from 5.50 mm to 2.22 mm, and the angular deformation was reduced by approximately 70%, from 1.68 mm to 0.51 mm. The overall results obtained in the numerical analysis indicated that welding deformation significantly decreased as the standoff distance was shorter owing to the temperature cooling effect of the welds.","PeriodicalId":253691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Welding and Joining","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122265151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongjoon Kang, Kangmyung Seo, Jun-Ho Lee, Chang-Young Oh, Seung-Gun Lee
{"title":"Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment Temperature on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Weld Heat-Affected Zone of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel","authors":"Yongjoon Kang, Kangmyung Seo, Jun-Ho Lee, Chang-Young Oh, Seung-Gun Lee","doi":"10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) temperature on the mechanical properties of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of 2.25Cr-1Mo steels was investigated. SA-387 Gr. 22 Cl. 2 steel was employed, and the specimens taken from the steel were thermally cycled using Gleeble to simulate the coarse-grained HAZ (CGHAZ), fine-grained HAZ (FGHAZ), and intercritical HAZ (ICHAZ). Before the PWHT, the simulated HAZs exhibited poor impact toughness as compared with the base metal. The base metal and simulated HAZ specimens were heat treated in a furnace at 610, 650, 690, and 730℃ for 8 h; their impact toughness improved significantly irrespective of the PWHT temperature. The microstructural changes owing to the PWHT were observed using scanning electron microscopy and correlated with the mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":253691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Welding and Joining","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134255998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Global Market Analysis for Welding Consumables and Welding Robot (Ⅱ)","authors":"Byeong-jin Kim, Minjung Kang, Jason Cheon","doi":"10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the market trends of welding consumables and welding robots from international welding industries using data reported by SHIMPO CORPORATION. Recently established companies are planning to use automation to achieve high performance with cheap labor. In this context, welding robots are commonly used in manufacturing facilities to perform high-quality welds at a faster rate than with manual welding. In addition, most welding procedures exhaust welding consumables such as rods and wires. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the trends of the overall welding market and related application industry market through the market trends of welding robots and welding con- sumables. From 2009 to 2021, the sales of welding consumables grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.17%, whereas those of welding robots grew at a CAGR of 11.17%. The higher growth rates in developing countries have lifted up the overall market growth, whereas the rates in leading markets such as the US and China have tended to slow down. In conclusion, the increasing demands for manufacturing and construction in developing countries such as India and Southeast Asia are expected to drive the market growth in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":253691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Welding and Joining","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123627192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation of Joint Quality 980 MPa Grade GA Steel Sheet and 5052 Aluminum Alloy by Electromagnetic Self-Piercing Riveting","authors":"Min-Seok Kim, Sung-Jin Park, J. Shim","doi":"10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Generally, an approximately 1% weight reduction in a 200 kg automobile improves the fuel economy by 20~26% and acceleration performance by 8%. Hence, various techniques for automotive lightweighting have been developed to satisfy environmental regulations of the automotive industry. The joining of dissimilar materials is critical for assembling lightweight body structures, but fusion welding is inapplicable owing to the difference in mechanical properties between materials. Thus, the development of an appropriate dissimilar material-joining process is required to produce high-quality joints. Self-piercing riveting is a representative joining process that is applied by pressure punching without prehole piercing. Operationally, this process is widely used for joining because it can produce joints with high shear strengths. However, the development of lighter and higher-strength materials indicates that the required force for SPR machines to form high-quality joints is increasing. Thus, high-speed E-SPR has been developed for joining ultrahigh tensile steels. In this study, SGAFC980/A5052-H34 was applied to the E-SPR process, and the joint characteristics were analyzed via cross-sectional analysis and shear strength tests. With an increase in the fastening speed, the interlock distance and the tensile shear load increased.","PeriodicalId":253691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Welding and Joining","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133005376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study on the Change of Wire Feeding Speed in GTA Welding (Ⅱ) - Development of Weld Bead Shape Prediction Model -","authors":"Daekyu Park, C. Lee, Youngwhan Park","doi":"10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the GTA welding (GTAW) process, bead width (Bw), bead height (Bh), penetration depth (Dp), and metal transfer modes change in accordance with welding current and wire feeding speed. Various processes employing GTAW include text marking welding systems that have bead width and bead height as the main management items, and some such processes require sufficiently complete penetration. It is judged that there will also be a metal transfer type advantageous for welding the first layer of the pipe root gap. Accordingly, a bead shape prediction model in GTAW has been proposed according to changes in welding current and wire feeding speed, wherein the bead shape change and metal transfer change interval are presented for the heat input ratio (HIR) change.","PeriodicalId":253691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Welding and Joining","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127639108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improved Accuracy of Prediction of Thermal Deformation of the Stern Shaft Block Considering the Erection Process","authors":"Jun-Seok Park, Hyun-ho Lee, J. Seo","doi":"10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2023.41.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Thermo-elasto-plastic analysis using nonlinear finite element analysis is used for predicting welding-induced structural deformation; however, its application in the prediction of welding deformation in large structures, such as ships and offshore plants, is practically impossible. Therefore, in this study, an inherent strain-based thermal deformation analysis method, which can be applied to large structures, was developed; furthermore, the inherent strain-based analysis was used for predicting the welding deformation occurring during block erection welding. However, although the tendency is somewhat similar in terms of quality, it still differs from the actual measured value in terms of quantity. In this study, a regression equation was derived by analyzing the sensitivity of the variables used in the existing method, and, subsequently, the results corresponding to the measured values were obtained; finally, the accuracy improvement for the three ships was confirmed. Therefore, using the proposed method, it is possible to improve the technology of predicting and controlling hull deformation.","PeriodicalId":253691,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Welding and Joining","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128426316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}