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Recent Developments in Airborne Lidar Measurements of Ozone, Water Vapor, and Aerosols 臭氧、水蒸气和气溶胶机载激光雷达测量的最新进展
Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/laca.1992.tuc3
E. Browell
{"title":"Recent Developments in Airborne Lidar Measurements of Ozone, Water Vapor, and Aerosols","authors":"E. Browell","doi":"10.1364/laca.1992.tuc3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/laca.1992.tuc3","url":null,"abstract":"Major advances have taken place in the last 3 years in the development and application of airborne lidar systems in the measurement of ozone (O3), water vapor (H2O), and aerosols in various regions of the atmosphere. The first simultaneous measurements of O3 and aerosol distributions above and below an aircraft were made in tropospheric investigations in the Arctic during the summer of 1988 as part of the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE), and this capability was subsequently used in the 1990 GTE field experiment over Canada. During the 1989 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Experiment, the first large-scale distributions of O3 and polar stratospheric clouds (at multiple laser wavelengths) were obtained with an airborne lidar system on long-range flights into the wintertime Arctic vortex. An alexandrite laser was used for the first time in airborne lidar measurements of H2O profiles during flight experiments over the Atlantic in the summer of 1989, and improved H2O measurements were made in flight tests during 1990 and 1991.","PeriodicalId":252738,"journal":{"name":"Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114687761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
One Molecule Detection by Laser Induced Fluorescence of Levitated Microdroplets 悬浮微滴激光诱导荧光单分子检测
Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/laca.1992.wa2
W. Whitten, J. Ramsey, K. Ng, S. Arnold
{"title":"One Molecule Detection by Laser Induced Fluorescence of Levitated Microdroplets","authors":"W. Whitten, J. Ramsey, K. Ng, S. Arnold","doi":"10.1364/laca.1992.wa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/laca.1992.wa2","url":null,"abstract":"The extreme sensitivity of fluorescence spectrophotometry results from the fact that a molecule can undergo many excitation-emission cycles before destruction by photochemical degradation. For example, Rhodamine 6G (R6G) can emit in excess of 105 photons before photolysis takes place1. The fraction of emitted photons collected and converted to countable pulses can be as high as 10-3, although 10-4 is more readily attainable. Therefore, sufficient signal exists for single molecules to be detectable. Detection limits for molecules in solution have been limited by background signal from solvent Raman scattering and fluorescence. This background signal adds noise to the measurement and has effectively restricted the detectable concentration to about 10-13 M. Over the past decade, advances in detection of fewer molecules have all been made by reducing the measurement volume and/or increasing the measuring time. Given the above concentration detection limit a reduction of the measurement volume to 1 pL leads to a minimum observable quantity of ≈1 molecule. The ability to detect a single molecule in condensed phase could have many important applications in addition to being an interesting problem. The obvious application of this approach is to situations where small quantities of material are available for analysis. The capability to reliably detect a single fluorophore might also allow the screening and/or sorting of a collection of molecules. Such abilities would have application to many biological problems such as DNA sequencing and detection of DNA adducts.","PeriodicalId":252738,"journal":{"name":"Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117321367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering studies of photosynthetic systems 光合系统的表面增强共振拉曼散射研究
Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/laca.1992.mc1
T. Cotton, G. Chumanov, Jae-Ho Kim, D. Gaul
{"title":"Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering studies of photosynthetic systems","authors":"T. Cotton, G. Chumanov, Jae-Ho Kim, D. Gaul","doi":"10.1364/laca.1992.mc1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/laca.1992.mc1","url":null,"abstract":"Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectroscopy is a powerful new technique for the study of membrane preparations containing chromophoric molecules. Photosynthetic reaction center and light harvesting complexes have been examined. The spatial location and redox state of the various components (chlorophylls, pheophytins, and cytochromes) can be ascertained from the spectra.","PeriodicalId":252738,"journal":{"name":"Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123658729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Laser Photoionization in an Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer 离子阱质谱仪中的激光光电离
Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/laca.1990.mb4
D. Goeringer, W. Whitten, J. Ramsey
{"title":"Laser Photoionization in an Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer","authors":"D. Goeringer, W. Whitten, J. Ramsey","doi":"10.1364/laca.1990.mb4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/laca.1990.mb4","url":null,"abstract":"The use of three dimensional quadrupole electrodynamic traps for conventional mass spectrometry and for MS/MS experiments has become popular since their commercial introduction by Finnigan. The development of the mass selective instability mode of scanning these devices to generate a mass spectrum is largely responsible for their popularity. This mode of operation allows ions with a broad range of m/e values to be stored in the trap. Ions can then be sequentially ejected from the trap (from low to high m/e) as the RF voltage is increased. The ejected ions are detected with high sensitivity by an electron multiplier.","PeriodicalId":252738,"journal":{"name":"Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis","volume":"223 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122898743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Population and Thermal Grating Contributions to Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing Line Shapes 人口和热光栅对简并四波混频线形的贡献
Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/laca.1994.wd.4
P. Danehy, E. Friedman-Hill, R. Farrow
{"title":"Population and Thermal Grating Contributions to Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing Line Shapes","authors":"P. Danehy, E. Friedman-Hill, R. Farrow","doi":"10.1364/laca.1994.wd.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/laca.1994.wd.4","url":null,"abstract":"Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) is a laser-induced grating technique that shows increasing potential as a diagnostic probe for reactive environments. Traditionally, the development of DFWM as a diagnostic for gaseous systems has focused on using the population-grating (PG) mechanism to measure concentration and temperature. Recently, several authors have observed a thermal-grating (TG) mechanism in gases. This mechanism is similar to that observed for many years in liquids and solids.1 The gas-phase thermal-grating mechanism deserves further study since it can complicate population-grating measurements, or can itself be useful for making quantitative measurements.","PeriodicalId":252738,"journal":{"name":"Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129723963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
The Influence of External Stress on the Molecular Order of Monolayer Assemblies 外应力对单分子层组装分子序的影响
Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/laca.1992.thb2
C. E. Evans, P. Bohn
{"title":"The Influence of External Stress on the Molecular Order of Monolayer Assemblies","authors":"C. E. Evans, P. Bohn","doi":"10.1364/laca.1992.thb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/laca.1992.thb2","url":null,"abstract":"Monolayer assemblies of molecules offer chemists an intriguing system for study. In addition to the variety of possible applications ranging from chemical sensing to corrosion inhibition, the structured simplicity of these two-dimensional arrays makes possible more accurate predictions of molecular behavior. Thus, these well-ordered systems present a unique opportunity to correlate theoretical predictions of molecular- scale structure to experimental measurements. These correlations are of particular importance in understanding the response of molecular arrays to external perturbations. Although a number of physical and chemical sources of external stress are possible, initial studies presented here will focus on the influence of temperature on the molecular-scale order.","PeriodicalId":252738,"journal":{"name":"Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129605919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Laser Diagnostics by Electrostrictive Gratings in the Gas Phase 气相电致伸缩光栅激光诊断
Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/laca.1994.wd.5
A. Stampanoni-Panariello, W. Hubschmid, B. Hemmerling
{"title":"Laser Diagnostics by Electrostrictive Gratings in the Gas Phase","authors":"A. Stampanoni-Panariello, W. Hubschmid, B. Hemmerling","doi":"10.1364/laca.1994.wd.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/laca.1994.wd.5","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades laser induced gratings (LIGs) have been widely used to study various properties of optical media. Refractive index changes are induced by optical fields through resonant and nonresonant mechanisms, respectively. Depending on the physical mechanism which is responsible for the formation of LIGs, this technique is suited for studying different processes in the solid, liquid, and gas phase. Resonant LIGs have been used for the detection of excited state absorption in the gas phase [1] and for the measurement of ultrafast phenomena [2], Furthermore, LIGs have been applied for the measurement of flame temperature [3] and for the study of fast combustion processes [4]. Recently, two-color laser- induced gratings have been proposed as a new spectroscopic method for detecting rovibronic transitions of excited molecules in the gas phase [5,6] and for the detection of atomic hydrogen in low pressure H2/O2 flames [7].","PeriodicalId":252738,"journal":{"name":"Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131332606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
SERS Fiber Optic Probes SERS光纤探头
Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/laca.1992.pd8
K. Mullen, K. Carron
{"title":"SERS Fiber Optic Probes","authors":"K. Mullen, K. Carron","doi":"10.1364/laca.1992.pd8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/laca.1992.pd8","url":null,"abstract":"We are using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) to develop a fiber optic probe for monitoring groundwater contamination. Attaching a molecule to a SERS surface produces a million fold enhancement of the Raman signal. Our approach is to fabricate a SERS surface at the fiber tip and attach indicators to the silver SERS surface. The SERS surface is fabricated by roughening the end of the optical fiber with polishing paper and vacuum depositing silver over the roughened fiber tip. We irreversibly bind the indicators by modifying the acid group of the indicator with a thiol containing species. The thiol anchors the indicator to the silver surface and forms an inert, robust coating.","PeriodicalId":252738,"journal":{"name":"Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128863890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantitative Fluorescence Determination of Impurities in Compound Semiconductors 化合物半导体中杂质的荧光定量测定
Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/laca.1990.tub1
T. Harris, J. Colonell
{"title":"Quantitative Fluorescence Determination of Impurities in Compound Semiconductors","authors":"T. Harris, J. Colonell","doi":"10.1364/laca.1990.tub1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/laca.1990.tub1","url":null,"abstract":"The electrical behavior of compound semiconductors is governed by the combined effects of the stoichiometry and impurities. The determination of impurity concentration in undoped samples is a largely unsolved problem. This deficiency results from the high purity routinely achieved in these materials, typically 1-20 ppb total impurity concentration, less than the detection limit of the applicable methods, such as SIMS. Progress toward quantitative impurity determination has been achieved by employing electronic Raman scattering, but this method is applicable only to acceptor concentration determination in bulk undoped semi-insulating GaAs. Low temperature luminescence methods have long been employed for impurity identification, but no attempt to quantify luminescence in direct gap semiconductors has been published, despite considerable success employing quantitative luminescence in Si.","PeriodicalId":252738,"journal":{"name":"Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122262521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Laser Fragmentation/Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection Of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons* 激光碎裂/激光诱导荧光检测氯化烃*
Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/laca.1992.wc13
J. Jeffries, G. Raiche, L. Jusinski
{"title":"Laser Fragmentation/Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection Of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons*","authors":"J. Jeffries, G. Raiche, L. Jusinski","doi":"10.1364/laca.1992.wc13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/laca.1992.wc13","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) have a myriad of industrial applications including solvents, feedstocks, and the components of polymeric materials. The byproduct of these industrial uses is an enormous quantity of liquid waste. Incineration is an attractive treatment process for this hazardous waste, however, the current technology is costly and highly empirical. Better fundamental knowledge of incinerator chemistry and improved diagnostic techniques will improve incinerator design and help evaluate innovative CHC destruction schemes. The development of real-time monitors of the effluent stream is necessary to satisfy environmental concerns and insure compliance of emission regulations.","PeriodicalId":252738,"journal":{"name":"Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126787713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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