Body Schema and Body Image最新文献

The body image–body schema/ownership–agency model for pathologies: four case studies 病理的身体意象-身体图式/所有权-代理模型:四个案例研究

Body Schema and Body Image Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0020

Aviya Ben David, Y. Ataria

引用次数: 2

Body schema dynamics in Merleau-Ponty 梅洛-庞蒂的身体图式动力学

Body Schema and Body Image Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0003

Jan Halák

{"title":"Body schema dynamics in Merleau-Ponty","authors":"Jan Halák","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents an account of Merleau-Ponty’s interpretation of the body schema as an operative intentionality that is not only opposed to, but also complexly intermingled with, the representation-like grasp of the world and one’s own body, or the body image. The chapter reconstructs Merleau-Ponty’s position primarily based on his preparatory notes for his 1953 lecture ‘The Sensible World and the World of Expression’. Here, Merleau-Ponty elaborates his earlier efforts to show that the body schema is a perceptual ground against which the perceived world stands out as a complex of perceptual figures. The chapter clarifies how Merleau-Ponty’s renewed interpretation of the figure-ground structure makes it possible for him to describe the relationship between body schema and perceptual (body) image as a strictly systematic phenomenon. Subsequently, the chapter shows how Merleau-Ponty understands apraxia, sleep, and perceptual orientation as examples of dedifferentiation and subtler differentiation of the body-schematic system. The last section clarifies how such body-schematic differentiating processes give rise to relatively independent superstructures of vision and symbolic cognition which constitute our body image. It, moreover, explains how, according to Merleau-Ponty, the cognitive superstructures always need to be supported by praxic operative intentionality to maintain their full sense, even though, in some cases, they have the power to compensate for praxic deficiencies.","PeriodicalId":252697,"journal":{"name":"Body Schema and Body Image","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129339894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The space of the body schema: putting the schema in movement 身体图式的空间:使图式运动起来

Body Schema and Body Image Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0002

D. Morris

{"title":"The space of the body schema: putting the schema in movement","authors":"D. Morris","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter contributes to conceptual debates about the body schema and body image by studying the body schema’s role in shaping our sense of lived space. Contra ‘body-in-brain’ or representational views of the body schema as a centralized controller, the chapter supports ‘body-in-world’ views by showing how the body schema is itself of space, founded and actualized in schematizing movements of a body in the world. This suggests that capacities for, and divergences between, a body schema versus a body image emerge when body-schematizing activity runs into resistances or demands from environmental supports, including other perceiving bodies and the social sphere, over various timescales, e.g., of evolution, development, skill, and habit acquisition, as well as cultural formations. The chapter draws on phenomenological and psychological results concerning our sense of space in cases of directly touching and moving with things, but also in cases where movements coupled with surroundings through light (via our eyes or technological devices) yield a sense of distal things. These are complemented by conceptual insights from recent evolutionary-comparative approaches to the philosophy of mind and body, which give a new perspective on just where movement control arises in bodies.","PeriodicalId":252697,"journal":{"name":"Body Schema and Body Image","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121838557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Triadic body representations in the human cerebral cortex and peripheral nerves 人类大脑皮层和周围神经的三合一身体表征

Body Schema and Body Image Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0009

N. Kanayama, Kentaro Hiromitsu

{"title":"Triadic body representations in the human cerebral cortex and peripheral nerves","authors":"N. Kanayama, Kentaro Hiromitsu","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Is the body reducible to neural representation in the brain? There is some evidence that the brain contributes to the functioning of the body from neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and lesion studies. Well-known dyadic taxonomy of the body schema and the body image (hereafter BSBI) is based primarily on the evidence in brain-damaged patients. Although there is a growing consensus that the BSBI exists, there is little agreement on the dyadic taxonomy because it is not a concrete and common concept across various research fields. This chapter tries to investigate the body representation in the cortex and nervous system in terms of sensory modality and psychological function using two different approaches. The first approach is to review the neurological evidence and cortical area which is related to body representation, regardless of the BSBI, and then to reconsider how we postulate the BSBI in our brain. It can be considered that our body representation could be constructed by the whole of the neural system, including the cortex and peripheral nerves. The second approach is to revisit the BSBI conception from the viewpoint of recent neuropsychology and propose three types of body representation: body schema, body structural description, and body semantics. This triadic taxonomy is considered consistent with the cortical networks based on the evidence of bodily disorders due to brain lesions. These two approaches allow to reconsider the BSBI more carefully and deeply and to give us the possibility that the body representation could be underpinned with the network in the brain.","PeriodicalId":252697,"journal":{"name":"Body Schema and Body Image","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131125145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Reimagining the body image 重新塑造身体形象

Body Schema and Body Image Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0006

S. Gallagher

引用次数: 3

Neural underpinnings of body image and body schema disturbances 身体意象和身体图式紊乱的神经基础

Body Schema and Body Image Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0016

Jasmine T. Ho, B. Lenggenhager

{"title":"Neural underpinnings of body image and body schema disturbances","authors":"Jasmine T. Ho, B. Lenggenhager","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The sense of our body is fundamental to human self-consciousness. Many neurological and psychiatric disorders involve atypical corporeal awareness with symptomatology that might be very heterogeneous, affecting various aspects of the bodily self. A common dichotomy divides disorders of the bodily self into disorders affecting predominantly the body schema and disorders predominantly affecting the body image. Yet, increasing evidence suggests that body schema and body image are mutually dependent, making a clear categorization of most disorders difficult. This interdependence is illustrated with examples of a few selected disorders that encompass an atypical sense of the bodily self. A special focus is placed on underlying neural alterations in various body-related brain regions. While body schema-related disorders might rather be linked to a disruption in the integration of multisensory information into a coherent body representation, especially in premotor and posterior parietal areas, body image disturbances, particularly their affective and cognitive aspects, might be linked to a broader network centred around cortical midline structures that are crucially involved in self-referential processes.","PeriodicalId":252697,"journal":{"name":"Body Schema and Body Image","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115251835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Unilateral body neglect: schemas versus images? 单侧身体忽视:图式与意象?

Body Schema and Body Image Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0015

L. Havé, Anne-Emmanuelle Priot, L. Pisella, G. Rode, Y. Rossetti

引用次数: 2

Cross-referenced body and action for the unified self: empirical, developmental, and clinical perspectives 相互参照的身体和行动的统一自我:经验，发展和临床的观点

Body Schema and Body Image Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0012

Shu Imaizumi, Tomohisa Asai, Michiko Miyazaki

{"title":"Cross-referenced body and action for the unified self: empirical, developmental, and clinical perspectives","authors":"Shu Imaizumi, Tomohisa Asai, Michiko Miyazaki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses how the self emerges in the brain through the body and bodily actions. In terms of minimal selfhood, self-representation has two aspects: sense of body ownership and sense of agency over action. In the rubber hand illusion paradigm, multisensory and sensorimotor signals induce illusory ownership over a fake hand. Studies in healthy adults suggest a cross-referenced relationship between body and action as a mechanism of the self-representation. Specifically, one’s own hand can spontaneously move towards the fake hand due to illusory ownership, suggesting a body-to-action relationship. In contrast, an object which is moving synchronously with one’s hand can entail a sense of body ownership as well as a sense of agency, suggesting an action-to-body relationship. The chapter also discusses developmental and clinical perspectives. Immature self-recognition and body part localization in children suggest a prerequisite of representations of the self and body. Although such representations can deteriorate due to damage to the body and brain, amputees can incorporate phantom limb and prosthesis into their body representation through visuo-motor rehabilitation, regaining senses of ownership and agency over these limbs once again. The chapter proposes generation-loss-regeneration dynamism in self-representation originating from the cross-referenced body and action.","PeriodicalId":252697,"journal":{"name":"Body Schema and Body Image","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114940795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Plasticity and tool use in the body schema 身体图式的可塑性和工具使用

Body Schema and Body Image Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0008

D. Romano, A. Maravita

{"title":"Plasticity and tool use in the body schema","authors":"D. Romano, A. Maravita","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of humans to manufacture objects and represent physical causality makes them the master species in the use of tools. What is the impact of such a specific skill on the processing of bodily body-related spatial information? To what extent does the skilful manipulation of tools require specific embodiment of the device into one’s body representation? The present chapter reviews the effect of tool use on the representation of the body and space surrounding it, by analysing the cognitive effects of tool use and its neural representations. Studies on animals, healthy humans, and neuropsychological patients suggest that multisensory integration of stimuli far from the body is enhanced when a tool can reach those stimuli. Such a spatial remapping indicates that the body schema may adapt to include the device into one’s body representation. Notably, tool use-related changes are not limited to spatial processing, but also to the processing of body-related sensory-motor information. Understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying tool use and the effect of tool use in the representation of the space around us is a paramount challenge to the understanding of body representation, especially considering that modern and more sophisticated technological tools, such as functional prostheses, robotic interfaces, and virtual reality devices, continually shape the central role of the body in human–environment interactions.","PeriodicalId":252697,"journal":{"name":"Body Schema and Body Image","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134242468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The embodied and social self: insights on body image and body schema from neurological conditions 具身自我与社会自我:从神经系统状况看身体意象与身体图式

Body Schema and Body Image Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0014

Jonathan Cole

{"title":"The embodied and social self: insights on body image and body schema from neurological conditions","authors":"Jonathan Cole","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851721.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"In neurological illnesses, the body may present itself to perception in ways which allows insights into the concepts of body image and body schema. Three such conditions are explored. From those who live with spinal cord injury, paralysed and insentient from the neck down, aspects of the importance of the body in one’s sense of self are revealed. Some also describe a coming to terms with their altered bodies. When considering the body image, its adaptability and this reconciliation to a new normal should be considered. Studies on acquired severe sensory loss explore how conscious control, at the body image level, may partially replace the deafferented body schema. There is little evidence, however, for these subjects extending access to previously non-conscious motor schema. Lastly, some narratives from those with congenital absence of movement of facial muscles describe reduced emotional experience and felt embodiment as children. These can be developed as young adults, through shared social interactions. The importance of the social in elaboration of the body image is further implicit in a consideration of the stigma associated with facial disfigurement. Others’ responses to one’s body are crucial in developing our body image and sense of self.","PeriodicalId":252697,"journal":{"name":"Body Schema and Body Image","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128286216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0