MICRO 7最新文献

{"title":"Software aids for microprogram development","authors":"C. Vickery","doi":"10.1145/800118.803863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800118.803863","url":null,"abstract":"Debugging of microprograms can be approached in three ways: (1) with the aid of hardware test sets and monitors, (2) through interactive debugging programs, and (3) through simulation techniques. This paper discusses these three methods and describes an interactive debugging program and a simulator developed for debugging microprograms for the Interdata model 85 minicomputer.","PeriodicalId":248525,"journal":{"name":"MICRO 7","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125621906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MIKADO - a system for computer aided microprogram design","authors":"Wilfried Rottmann","doi":"10.1145/800118.803861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800118.803861","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses some software aids used in microprogram development at Siemens.\u0000 The following aspects are typical for the microprogram-design for our present day computers:\u0000 a) the instruction format of microprograms is complicated and a good knowledge on the internal hardware-structure is required to understand it,\u0000 b) in our, and also other, microprogramming systems the possibilities of locating the microinstructions in control store are restricted (by limited branching distances e.g.), thus making the address-assignment a difficult optimizing task,\u0000 c) as soon as the hardware is finished its microprograms have to be available in a sufficiently tested shape,\u0000 d) above that, microprograms which are stored in read only memory have to be tested before manufacturing very thoroughly,\u0000 e) manufacturing data has to be generated for microprograms in read only memory.\u0000 These peculiar problems require additional support by computer aided design-techniques. As an aid for our microprogram design we have developed an integral system, which covers the development range from symbolic microinstruction level to manufacturing data and loadable microprograms. The system is called MIKADO.","PeriodicalId":248525,"journal":{"name":"MICRO 7","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126767183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microprogrammed significance arithmetic with tapered floating point representation","authors":"C. Luk","doi":"10.1145/800118.803869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800118.803869","url":null,"abstract":"To automatically indicate a bound for the propagated and generated errors due to finite representation of numeric values on a computer using floating point representations, two methods are used, the “normalized method” and the “unnormalized method”. The normalized method uses a normalized representation and an index to indicate the number of significant digits. The unnormalized method retains only the significant digits.\u0000 This paper reports a micro-implementation of binary significance arithmetic using the normalized method with a new floating point representation. The normalized method is chosen for two reasons: (1) as indicated by Carr [2 ] , a normalized floating point procedure always gives a better result than an unnormalized procedure, and (2) this floating point representation takes advantage of a special property of normalization to afford increased exponent range and to retain potentially an extra binary digit (bit) for values between 0 and 1 as compared against conventional floating point format.","PeriodicalId":248525,"journal":{"name":"MICRO 7","volume":" 45","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132010615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Languages for direct execution","authors":"L. Hoevel","doi":"10.1145/800118.803878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800118.803878","url":null,"abstract":"The utility of a modern computing system lies in its capacity to perform a variety of transformations on input data under user control. In the earliest systems users exerted direct, low-level control, indicating the exact transformation to be applied to a data item manually at the time it was to be performed—in much the same manner as one now controls a small electronic calculator. With the passage of time, this user control medium has become much more sophisticated, culminating in the development of contemporary “high-level” user-oriented programming languages. The hardware used to implement these systems, however, has not yet reached correspondingly high levels of abstraction.\u0000 This disparity has caused the implementation of modern computing systems to become increasingly complex—necessitating the evaluation of various time-space tradeoffs between different levels and/or types of processing. The long-term objective of the investigations described in this paper is to simplify the process of designing “good” systems, under the constraints imposed by contemporary technologies.","PeriodicalId":248525,"journal":{"name":"MICRO 7","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125088199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaches to design of high level languages for microprogramming","authors":"P. Mallett, T. Lewis","doi":"10.1145/800118.803843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800118.803843","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a programming language for microprocessors (we will use the term microprocessor to refer to the hardware host to be microprogrammed) differs from the development of languages for conventional processors [5, 6]. The difference is traced to:\u0000 (1) concurrency of hardware\u0000 (2) limited writable local memory\u0000 (3) main memory access delay and I/0 control\u0000 (4) limited microprocessor instruction repertoire\u0000 (5) special hardware characteristics that impact heavily upon machine efficiency.\u0000 These features impose restrictions upon the compiler writer that have not been fully overcome [5, 6, 8, 10, 14]. Writable control memory, for example, places severe restrictions on the designer who wishes to implement a syntax driven compiler that produces many intermediate results that must be stored.\u0000 It is not the intention of this paper to advocate a solution to any of the five problems listed above or to propose a particular language design. Instead we will present a basic compilation model (see Figure 1) and briefly discuss some of the alternatives to be considered at each level of the model.\u0000 The discussion is broken into five areas: (a) syntax design, (b) phase I interface design, (c) intermediate language design, (d) phase II interface design, and (e) micro-instruction format considerations. In addition section 3 presents various arguments on timing and concurrency recognition. Finally, section 4 proposes a translator writing system to aid in microcompiler (a translator that produces microprograms) development.","PeriodicalId":248525,"journal":{"name":"MICRO 7","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124541361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of assembly level language for horizontal encoded microprogrammed control unit","authors":"R. Evans, L. H. Moffett, R. Merwin","doi":"10.1145/800118.803865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800118.803865","url":null,"abstract":"Microprogramming in its most elementary form involves determination of the required bit patterns for a set of control words which express some desired computer instruction. The bit patterns, stored as words in a control word memory, selectively and in time sequence activate the control lines of a computing element. In its simplest form, each control line for the computing element corresponds to a bit in the control word. In addition the control word may contain bit fields to determine the sequence of execution of control words. The first proposals for microprogrammed control systems [1,2,3] were essentially of this type. Specification of these bit patterns was exceedingly tedious since the number of control lines runs to over one hundred for a typical computing element and several hundreds of control words must be specified.\u0000 The first step to alleviate this situation was the development of encoded [4] control where groups of control lines which are never activated simultaneously, e.g., the controls to an adder/subtractor unit, are encoded where k bits in the control word selectively activate one of up to 2Kcontrol lines. While this reduces the number of bits that must be specified for each control word, it doesn't reduce the number of control words that must be generated and microprogramming is still an error prone procedure.\u0000 Because of this situation, microprogramming is considered by most programmers to be analogous to or worse than machine language programming. The development of assemblers and compilers to simplify the process of coding microprograms has proceeded slowly in contrast to the situation for conventional application programming. Available design systems [5,6] for microprogrammers feature simple languages composed of orders or operations which are associated with specific encoded control word bit patterns. There are three principal causes for this situation. First, most microprogrammers have a design engineering background and are not familiar with assemblers and compilers and do not request such facilities from the design automation developers. Second, logic design of digital systems involves largely register to register transfers and bit manipulations with associated timing constraints which are not efficiently expressed in terms of programming languages like FORTRAN. Third, user microprogrammable computers have not been widely available until recently, therefore fewer people have been concerned about the situation.\u0000 To address the problem of designing a language to simplify the specification of microprograms for horizontally encoded control units, an assembly level language, HALL (HYRMAN Assembly Level Language), was designed. A brief description of the language and a two pass translator is presented with special emphasis on the design of the control sequence technique. As background, the major features of the HYRMAN [7] simulator are presented along with a sample case of simulation to illustrate the usage of HALL. The paper c","PeriodicalId":248525,"journal":{"name":"MICRO 7","volume":"75 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113975407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structured microprogramming","authors":"C. McFarland","doi":"10.1145/800150.808832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800150.808832","url":null,"abstract":"Current practices in micro- programming and structured programming are examined. It is noted that micro- programming as defined by Rosin and structured programming as defined by Dijkstra are similar in that they are both methods for hiding the structure of unreasonable machines from users.\u0000 Some of the problems involved in achieving correctness proofs for programs that must run on current systems are discussed, and reliable total systems are proposed as an alternative immediate goal. Structured programming is defined in a broader sense, and used as the basis for a design methodology for“structured systems”. Some suggestions for methods of achieving structured systems are proposed.","PeriodicalId":248525,"journal":{"name":"MICRO 7","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125561858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of a microprogrammed microprocessor","authors":"A. J. Nichols","doi":"10.1145/800150.808834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800150.808834","url":null,"abstract":"FOR MINIMUM SYSTEM COST, A MICROPROGRAMMED APPROACH IS OFTEN VERY ATTRACTIVE, THIS IS PARTICULARLY TRUE WHEN THE APPLICATION IS RESTRICTED TO MINIMUM MEMORY REQUIREMENTS, IN SUCH CASES IT BECOMES FEASIBLE TO COMBINE MICROPROCESSOR, CONTROL MEMORY, AND DATA STORAGE ON A SINGLE MOS/LSI CIRCUIT AND THUS ACHIEVE MINIMUM COST, THE MOST PREVALENT EXAMPLE OF SUCH SYSTEMS TODAY IS THE HAND-HELD CALCULATOR AND THE MICROPROGRAMMED LSI APPROACH PROVIDES THE IDEAL SOLUTION TO A DIFFICULT ENGINEERING TASK.\u0000 THIS PRESENTATION WILL BRIEFLY SUMMARIZE THE ARCHITECTURE OF A SINGLE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT WHICH COMBINES A 6K BIT ROM, A 256 BIT RAM, CONTROL CIRCUITRY, AND I/O INTERFACES. THE CHIP EXECUTES 28 MICROINSTRUCTIONS WITH A TYPICAL EXECUTION TIME OF 15 MICROSECOND. THE DEVICE IS DESIGNED WITH EMPHASIS ON EFFICIENT REALIZATIONS OF VARIOUS CALCULATIONS. HOWEVER, IT CAN BE USED AS A SPECIALIZED CONTROLLER IN APPLICATIONS AS DIVERSE AS CREDIT VERIFICATION TERMINALS AND DIGITAL FM TUNERS.","PeriodicalId":248525,"journal":{"name":"MICRO 7","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133659311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Instruction decomposition and microprogramming by exception in a generalized processor","authors":"J. Dillion","doi":"10.1145/800150.808833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800150.808833","url":null,"abstract":"A control structure is described whereby a limited set of tagged commands achieves the function of the typical fetch, decode, and execute processes of a higher level instruction but with fewer steps and decreased execution time than that required by the usual microprogramming. It is based on the decomposition of an instruction rather than the implementation of the fetch-decode-execute cycle. This results in a higher-level instruction set in which the lower level tagged commands are a primitive subset in contrast to typical emulation in which the two levels are incompatible. A firmware routine is only necessary for the more complex or seldom used instructions, hence the term microprogramming by exception. This approach offers the low cost, flexibility, and potential for extensive instruction sets of microprogramming without their serious execution time, control memory and implementation effort penalties. The set of tagged commands in a computer now under development is given, and examples of the implementation of higher-level instructions are provided.","PeriodicalId":248525,"journal":{"name":"MICRO 7","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121990578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BLAISE - 1726","authors":"Richard A. Belgard","doi":"10.1145/800150.808830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800150.808830","url":null,"abstract":"Microprogramming as a valuable tool for both experimental and production products is shown through the effective realization of an alien, experimental architecture by a microprogrammable host machine\u0000 Described is the micro-implementation of the BLAISE machine on the Burroughs B1726. Some of the features of the high-level language oriented architecture are discussed with respect to implementation schemes. A structured micro- program organization is presented, illustrating the benefits of the approach","PeriodicalId":248525,"journal":{"name":"MICRO 7","volume":"45 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113956646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}