Alberta Academic Review最新文献

{"title":"Sickle cell disease in African immigrant children: A scoping review","authors":"Ziad Zahoni, B. Salami, Micheal Kariwo, Higinio Fernández‐Sánchez","doi":"10.29173/aar79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/aar79","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the research on African-America parents, children and families who suffer from sickle cell disease (SCD), less is known about African immigrant children who migrated outside of Africa. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to assess the extent, range, and nature of the existing index of research on African immigrant children with SCD living outside of Africa, to map out research activity and to identify gaps in the existing literature. This review followed the scoping review methodology of Arksey & O’Malley. A comprehensive search in ten electronic databases was conducted. The search strategy combined the keywords “sickle cell” and “African immigrant children”. Inclusion criteria focused on research published between 2000 and 2019, reporting on the health of African immigrant children aged 0 to 18 years. Systematic & literature review reviews, conferences, case studies, viewpoint articles, & epidemiology studies were excluded. Also, studies in which findings were based on mixed populations containing less than 80% African immigrant children, were excluded from the review. \u0000This review was guided by the five-step approach to scoping reviews of Arksey & O’Malley. Articles were included if they focused on African immigrant children living abroad. Two independent reviewers screened and selected articles. We analyzed and synthesized data using thematic analysis for qualitative data. The search yielded 6,602 records. After removing duplicates and titles, and abstracts were screened, 1,675 articles were included for full-text screening; 6 met inclusion criteria. Chain searching generated 10 articles, 1 met the inclusion criteria. Seven articles were included for analysis. The studies were all quantitative in design and none mentioned a theoretical framework. Even though all the studies were quantitative the usage of clinical assessment of the only means of attaining data, and the usage of insufficient sample size made the studies found, inconclusive in making generalizations. There are significant research gaps regarding African immigrant children with SCD living outside of Africa. A major limitation of the studies use is they were all conducted in Italy even though there are many other countries known to host immigrants from the African continent.  Furthermore, most of the studies only state the disadvantages this population faces and only two studies took the initiative in addressing these issues. Overall, this review underlines the need for future research on the impact of migration on the health outcomes of African immigrant children with SCD living outside of Africa.","PeriodicalId":239812,"journal":{"name":"Alberta Academic Review","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126199529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning the Science Behind Bacteriocins Through Lacticin 3147; a Promising Lantibiotic","authors":"Allison Wan, Cherry Ibarra-Romero, J. Vederas, Sorina Chiorean","doi":"10.29173/aar75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/aar75","url":null,"abstract":"As microorganisms continue to develop resistance and survive against many different forms of antimicrobial solutions, such as antibiotics, the threat that antimicrobial resistance poses grows considerably. One solution to this persistent issue could be bacteriocins: ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides that are synthesized by bacteria. In this study, the specific lantibiotic—a subclass of bacteriocin—used was lacticin 3147, which is comprised of two components: A1 and A2. Lacticin 3147 was first purified and isolated in order to properly analyze its antimicrobial effects, which show potential use in antibiotics or food preservation. The procedure started with growing the producer bacteria strain, Lactococcus lactis DPC 3147 in a broth which was later used to inoculate a large volume of media. This media was then separated through centrifugation into two components: the supernatant and cell pellet, both of which were each individually concentrated and purified through a series of columns. Approximately one milliliter of each component was run through a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) machine, and the resulting chromatograms interpreted to evaluate and compare the concentrations of lacticin 3147 produced in the liquid media portion (supernatant) and the cell components (cell pellet). Subsequently, fractions were collected from all runs from the HPLC and further subjected to Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry. This allows to test the molecular weights of the compounds in the samples to check if they aligned with the known molecular weights of both the A1 and A2 components of lacticin 3147. The final step was to prepare a spot on lawn assay using the indicator species: Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris HP.  The spot on lawn assay prepared for lacticin 3147 was a visual indicator of the strong antimicrobial effects of the bacteriocin. Ultimately, this highly effective bacteriocin, lacticin 3147, could be utilized in smaller  concentrations than current antibiotics, and thus shows great promise in the field of antibiotics. Further studies are being conducted to understand the interactions between the A1 and A2 components of lacticin 3147, including their synergistic effects.","PeriodicalId":239812,"journal":{"name":"Alberta Academic Review","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124154780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryonic Cannabidiol Exposure Does Not Affect Adult Zebrafish Swimming Performance","authors":"Hannah Veinot, E. Folkerts, Ruhul, Declam Ali, G. Goss","doi":"10.29173/aar73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/aar73","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabis is used for a variety of reasons such as relieving pain, relieving stress, and reducing nausea during chemotherapy. While cannabis originates from central and south Asia, the drug has become extremely popular in North America. In July of 2001, medicinal use of cannabis was legalized in Canada, and on October 17 2018, recreational use of cannabis was legalized nationally. Many scientific studies have shown the negative effects of cannabis in consumers and of second hand smoke exposure, including lung cancer, respiratory issues, and reduced decision making and cognitive function. Because of the rapid increase in cannabis, high concentrations have filtered into the water treatment facilities and spread into lakes and ponds through pipelines that could potentially cause harm to the fish. While there are studies that have concluded that there are alterations to the fish’s neuronal patterns and cardiac systems in zebrafish, there were no reports of how the medical ingredient of cannabis (cannabidiol or CBD) may affect the ability of a fish to swim. Proper swim behaviour is an essential survival characteristic to fish and other marine animals, but when a novel potentially toxic compound is introduced into their environment, impacts to vital biological functions in the organism may occur. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of cannabidiol on zebrafish by evaluating their critical swimming speed (Ucrit value). Using a swim tunnel, we were able to control the environment and easily identify at what point the fish would be fatigued. Comparisons were made between three different fish tanks: one tank exposed to CBD, and the other two tanks contained a fresh water control and a solvent control. Using both our “p” and “F” stat values, we can conclude that there were no significant differences observed between the three fish tanks. In the future, we hope to analyse the neurology of the fish exposed and complete a fish respirometry measuring the oxygen consumption of CBD exposed fish. ","PeriodicalId":239812,"journal":{"name":"Alberta Academic Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125033414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Z-Selective Hydrofunctionalization of Dienes","authors":"Clara Vicera, Raphael Dada, R. Lundgren","doi":"10.29173/aar74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/aar74","url":null,"abstract":"Olefins play a fundamental role in synthetic organic chemistry because they are useful building blocks that create molecules. However, geometry control (E- vs Z-) in olefin synthesis is of utmost importance because the olefin geometry has a tremendous impact on its physical, chemical and biological properties. Additionally, Z-olefins are less stable compared to their E-olefin counterparts; due to this difference, general methods to make olefins results in more cases of E-olefins production with relatively fewer Z-olefins caused by its instability. It has been reported that Z-olefins can be synthesized from dienes through a rhodium-catalyzed formate mediated transformation, with tolerance to several reducible functional groups.  With this successful method in hand, the focus is to make functionalized Z-alkenes while still maintaining tolerance to reducible functional groups under mild reaction conditions. \u0000Thus, this project presents the production of Z-olefins through rhodium-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization using the starting materials, dienes and aldehydes. This method requires an inert atmosphere and the reaction progress can be monitored by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) using an internal standard to quantify the amount of product formed. In this process, it was observed that the starting material was consumed until more than 95% conversion. In addition, the possibility of using different dienes, such as diene esters and phenyl dienes, as well as different aldehydes could further broaden the scope of this method. The usefulness of this process can be applied to the production of complex molecules. For example, in the synthesis of a glucagon receptor antagonist, which is a drug that is used in the treatment of diabetes. Currently, there is a limited number of methods used to create Z-olefins; however, this proven procedure can be further applied in other hydrofunctionalization","PeriodicalId":239812,"journal":{"name":"Alberta Academic Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121911354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of Metal Oxides Based Surface Nanolenses and Their Optical Properties","authors":"L. Syeda, Carmen Van Horn, J. Qian, Xuehua Zhang","doi":"10.29173/aar72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/aar72","url":null,"abstract":"An emerging resource in the production of renewable energy are nanolenses, due to their unique optical properties. Their ability to refract light makes it possible for them to focus light and convert it into other forms of energy; which reduces the need for burning fossil fuels. \u0000  \u0000nanolens, nanodroplets, optical properties, fluid cell, surface nanolens \u0000The formation of nanolenses occurs due to the process of solvent exchange. In this process, different concentrations of a ternary mixture comprising of oleic acid, water, and ethanol are used to create an ideal formation of nanodroplets. A mixture of iron (IV) chloride and manganese chloride is then washed over the droplets to create the droplet’s shell. The droplets are then annealed at 300°C in order to remove all excess liquid, leaving behind the hollow nanolenses. This process was carried out on two different substrates, silicon wafer and glass with similar results transpiring on both. \u0000 After various trials, it can be concluded that the ideal concentration ratio of oleic acid/water/ethanol is 4.25/30/70, as the lenses are homogeneous in size, volume, and distribution. Allowing them to remain intact through the annealing process. These findings can be applied to further studies in the use of nanolenses concerning light refraction, and the consequential production of renewable energy.","PeriodicalId":239812,"journal":{"name":"Alberta Academic Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125977715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of production factors on muscle fiber type and dimensions in the m. semimembranosus of crossbred steer carcasses","authors":"Anusha Sivakumar, P. Coleman, B. Roy, H. Bruce","doi":"10.29173/AAR69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/AAR69","url":null,"abstract":"The muscle fibers that have been examined in the study were affected by three different controlled factors: steroids, ractopamine and residual feed intake (RFI). By examining the effects of the controlled factors on cattle’s muscle fibers, it can be determined if they affect different meat properties, such as meat toughness, collagen solubility and muscle fiber quality. The research had been done specifically with m. semimembranosus (SM) of crossbred steers. Although some may be concerned with the health effects of steroids and other materials, no negative effects to the health of the cattle were observed after the use of steroids. This is because the hormones being introduced into the cattle’s body already exist in the animal. In addition, the same concept applies to humans who consume the meat, preventing harm the people who consume it. For this study, 48 crossbred angus steers were used, 12 for each of the different treatment groups. The control group consisted of no steroids and no ractopamine. The second group was not treated with steroid but with ractopamine. The third group was treated with steroids but no ractopamine. Finally, the fourth group was treated with both, the steroids and the ractopamine. For each SM muscle, 1-inch thick steaks were cut and from those steaks, 1cm3 cubes were cut. These cubes were frozen in dry ice acetone until they are ready to be sectioned. Cubes are placed in the cryostat and sliced into serial sections of 10µm. These serial sections are then mounted onto dry slide glass and stored in a freezer at -80ºC until they are to be stained. The staining process helps to identify the different types of muscle fibers in the samples. From the muscle fiber types, the average sizes of each muscle fiber is calculated to identify inconsistencies among the different treatment groups. Conclusions will be drawn based on the inconsistencies found (if any).","PeriodicalId":239812,"journal":{"name":"Alberta Academic Review","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124074004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piecing Together Prehistoric Life: Scanning and Articulating Gorgosaurus","authors":"M. Saraswat, Samantha M. Hamilton, Nicole Jaremco, Howard Gibbins, C. Coy, P. Currie","doi":"10.29173/aar68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/aar68","url":null,"abstract":"The Skull bones of a Gorgosaurus Libratus was laser scanned in order to articulate the model into software and 3D print. The model had to be articulated due to some missing bone, making it unrealistic to put together. Using the scanned pieces we articulated the model making a skull of The Gorgosaurus Libratus. This detailed computer skull can be sent anywhere in the world, for anyone to study. These scans could also be used to find out how the Gorgosaurus Libratus bit down or determine the way these animals moved. Prior to laser scanning, a method known as Photogrammetry was used. This method involves taking photos of the model and processing the images on a computer, which slow down the process. Another way used to replicate bones was by making silicone molds. This could damage the bone which makes it a method used less often. Laser scanning is the fastest and safest method in order to scan a bone. After the bones were articulated on the computer they were sent to a 3D printer. Unfortunately, the printer beds could not hold the massive skull. Due to this, the bones were printed half size. In order to 3D print, the holes of the model had to be filled using another program. The holes were caused by the light of the laser scanner not being able to go into all the holes creating shadows that the laser scanner could not pick up. However, after the holes were filled some of the objects were still too big to fit on the printer bed. Therefore, some of the objects were cut in half to fit. The 3D printed models were then printed and assembled.","PeriodicalId":239812,"journal":{"name":"Alberta Academic Review","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131273578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Computer Simulations to Plan Construction Projects Accurately","authors":"L. Guardia, Alison Smith, Rana Ead, S. Abourizk","doi":"10.29173/aar70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/aar70","url":null,"abstract":"The three main objectives in construction projects are completing the project on time, within budget, and with good quality. Each construction project is unique and unpredictable making it beneficial to model the project before executing it. There are many ways to model a construction project; however, computer models are ideal. It is very costly and time consuming to experiment with the actual system. Therefore, by using a computer simulation, accurate data can be collected from the project without the time and cost drawbacks. The specific construction project researched is based on a real project from Fort Mcmurray Alberta, Canada. The construction project involved the delivery and erection of three different types of steel in a construction site. Once the steel has been delivered, it needs to be stored and then carried by forklift to one of two cranes to be erected. A schedule was provided for which days each type of material was expected to be delivered and erected, however this schedule did not account for the 20% chance that any delivery could be delayed by one day or the 10% chance that deliveries could be delayed by two days. A model project was created on Simphony.NET with the assumptions that work could commence the entire day (24 hours), the site has unlimited storage, and a delay in one delivery does not delay all the deliveries after it. The schedule for the project was then modified to reflect the results of the simulation. The modified schedule showed that several deliveries of materials were delayed. However, due to the model’s assumptions and the time for erection being relatively short, the planned schedule for the erection of the materials was not delayed. By using the data collected from the computer simulation it was possible to more accurately plan the schedule for this  construction project.","PeriodicalId":239812,"journal":{"name":"Alberta Academic Review","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114771634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Alberta’s Grasslands Soil pH by Adopting the Adaptive Multi-Paddock Grazing System","authors":"Leah Stahniak, L. Sobrinho, S. Breitkreuz, Scott X. Chang","doi":"10.29173/AAR71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/AAR71","url":null,"abstract":"Grasslands account for a large percentage of earth’s terrestrial area. Soil is an important aspect of the global carbon cycle and plays a critical role in mitigating climate change. Due to poor land management, the grasslands have been greatly degraded, resulting in the grasslands becoming the most endangered ecosystem on the planet. Fortunately, there are several new techniques that can be implemented in order to help alleviate the negative impacts that the depleted grasslands have had on the earth. The Adaptive-Multi Paddock (AMP) grazing system is an innovative technique that has been introduced as a way to increase plant regrowth, improve animal performance, and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) levels. As SOC has been shown to be correlated to soil pH, there is potential for the AMP system to affect soil pH. To implement the AMP system, a rancher’s land would be divided into multiple small paddocks, and the cattle would be rotated between the paddocks more frequently. Non-AMP managed ranches include any ranch that uses traditional grazing techniques, such as low or high continuous grazing. The purpose of this project was to study the effects of the AMP grazing system on the pH of Alberta’s grassland soil. Soil samples were collected from AMP and Non-AMP managed ranches in Alberta. After the samples were separated into several layers, weighed, dried, and sieved, the pH of each soil section was recorded and analyzed. Using the data from the Albertan ranches, the AMP and Non-AMP managed ranches were compared. From this data, it appears that by using the AMP system, the pH was slightly lower across all soil depths. Soil also appeared to become more basic with each successive layer. Between Alberta’s four ecoregions, the average soil pH seemed to vary. In both AMP and Non-AMP managed ranches, the subsoil was more alkaline while the topsoil was more acidic, which could be a result of possible higher SOC concentrations. In future studies, the pH data from Alberta’s soils will be compared to the Saskatchewan and Manitoba data, which will represent all of Canada’s grassland soil. When the SOC data is collected, the pH and SOC concentration will be analyzed to establish a correlation. Ultimately, farmers might be reimbursed for the additional costs of adopting the AMP system because of the environmental benefits the system could have.","PeriodicalId":239812,"journal":{"name":"Alberta Academic Review","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127468758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"That which fits the mold: a braided composite wing","authors":"Nabiha Saghar, Eric Lepp, A. Ead, J. Carey","doi":"10.29173/aar67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/aar67","url":null,"abstract":"In this design study, a model airplane wing, partially constructed from braided composite panels, was made for the purpose of demonstrating the applications of braided composites for aerospace components. Fibres of Kevlar® were braided together along a tubular surface, then subsequently cut and unrolled to form two planar sheets of interlaced yarns that could be laid down in a 3D printed mold to later be coated in resin. The mold consisted of four parts: two female parts to shape the composite wing panels and two male parts to compress the composite. When connected together they form a fused core. A fibre sheet was draped over each female part, and its extraneous edges were folded inward to form a second layer as reinforcement. Each sheet was then laid up with Ecopoxy® resin and allowed to cure while sandwiched between the female mold and its corresponding male component. Upon disassembly of the mold system, a braided composite wing panel had formed upon both halves of the 3D printed core. The external portion of each panel was found to be smooth with few irregularities that could potentially compromise their aerodynamic performance. The mold was constructed to facilitate the process of cold-curing rather than curing at an elevated temperature. For heated cure process, the use of metal would be recommended because it generally deforms negligibly through heating and cooling. A metal mold would also be used to ease the process of debonding from the composite materials. Care should be taken to ensure that fibre orientation is consistent. The results illustrate how a mold can be fabricated to facilitate the process of curing braided composites, and can serve to improve the quality of products that require a higher strength to weight ratio. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":239812,"journal":{"name":"Alberta Academic Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122728901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}