The Open Thermodynamics Journal最新文献

{"title":"Measurements and Correlations of Liquid-liquid-Equilibria of the Mixtures Consisting of Ethanol, Water, Pentane, Hexane, and Cyclohexane","authors":"Chih-Yung Huang, P. Chung, I-Min Tseng, Liang-Sun Lee","doi":"10.2174/1874396X01004010102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X01004010102","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the liquid-liquid equilibria of the mixtures consisted of ethanol, water, and the main components of gasoline fuel: pentane, hexane, and cyclohexane were experimentally determined. This study is related to the phase be- havior when water in atmosphere is absorbed into ethanol + gasoline fuel (gasohol) and then possibly separates into two liquid phases in an automobile fuel tank or an underground storage tank. The liquid-liquid equilibria in this study include three ternary systems: ethanol + water + pentane, ethanol + water + hexane, and ethanol + water + cyclohexane; three qua- ternary systems: ethanol + water + pentane + hexane, ethanol + water + pentane + cyclohexane, and ethanol + water + hexane + cyclohexane; one quinary system: ethanol + water + pentane + hexane + cyclohexane. The present experiments were conducted at 293.15, 303.15, and 308.15 K, and the experimental data were collected and some were compared to that available in literature, and finally all data were correlated with the UNIQUAC activity coefficient model.","PeriodicalId":238681,"journal":{"name":"The Open Thermodynamics Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127776583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extending the Van Laar Model to Multicomponent Systems","authors":"D. Peng","doi":"10.2174/1874396X01004010129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X01004010129","url":null,"abstract":"The original van Laar equation for representing the excess Gibbs free energies of liquid mixtures contains cer- tain deficiencies that have prevented the equation from being applied to multicomponent systems. We have analyzed the temperature dependency of the energy parameter in modern cubic equations of state and modified the original van Laar equation with a view to extending the equation to multicomponent systems. It is found that the consideration of the tem- perature dependency of the energy parameter has lead to a modified van Laar equation involving additional terms. These extra terms serve to provide some physical significance that can be attached to the van Laar equation to allow it to unam- biguously represent the behavior of the excess Gibbs free energy and activity coefficients of nonideal solutions. The final form of the modified van Laar equation for multicomponent mixtures involves two size parameters and an interaction pa- rameter for each of the constituent binary pairs; the latter parameter replaces a term consisting of a combination of the two energy parameters and two size parameters for the components in a binary mixture. For mixtures involving only hydro- carbons the size parameters can be readily calculated from the critical properties by means of any of the cubic equations of state of the van der Waals type.","PeriodicalId":238681,"journal":{"name":"The Open Thermodynamics Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121094154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, 2009 a Compendium of Knowledge on ILs that Goes Well Beyond the Analytical Field","authors":"G. Wilczek-Vera, J. Vera","doi":"10.2174/1874396X01004010119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X01004010119","url":null,"abstract":"This note presents an overview of the development of literature in the field of ionic liquids (ILs) and related ac- tivities in this fast-growing field. In particular, we call the attention of those not working in the field of ILs to the text \"Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis\", CRC Press, 2009, Mihkel Koel, Editor, which contains important material of gen- eral interest. A brief survey of reviews published after the publication of this book is given.","PeriodicalId":238681,"journal":{"name":"The Open Thermodynamics Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133709711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: [Thermodynamics for Green Technology Development]","authors":"Liang-Sun Lee","doi":"10.2174/1874396X01004040101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X01004040101","url":null,"abstract":"The greenhouse effect and environment pollution challenge scientists and engineers to protect our earth by green product and green technology developments. During such developments, thermodynamics plays an important role either in early stage of process analysis or in the engineering scale of process operation and process design. In this supplement, four papers in different topics of thermodynamics are included and cover thermodynamic properties, phase equilibrium, book review, and model modification for being applied to the development of either green processes or green products of environmental issue. In this supplement, the first paper is cosolvent selection for the extraction of sunflower oil for biodiesel production. Through experiments, the liquid-liquid equilibrium phase boundaries of sunflower oil, methanol, and potential cosolvent at 308.2 K were determined and utilized for estimating the model parameters of the NRTL and the UNIQUAC, respectively. The second paper is the phase behavior study when water moisture in atmosphere is absorbed into ethanol + gasoline fuel (gasohol) and causes possible phase separation in an automobile fuel tank or an underground storage tank. The phase separation could cause ethanol to be drawn into the aqueous phase, a loss of ethanol which is a power fuel in gasohol. The experimental data of liquid-liquid equilibria were collected for three ternary mixtures, three quaternary mixtures and one quinary mixture consisting of ethanol, water, pentane, hexane, and cyclohexane at three different temperatures. The third paper is a review article of a newly published book of ionic liquids (ILs). The ILs have the unique characteristic of low vapor pressure and considered as potential green solvents. The research on these compounds broadens the applications of ILs, such as to optical, electrochemical and biochemical sensor technology. \" Perhaps no other field has been the subject of such an intensive research interest nor received such intense attention as ionic liquids (IL) are experiencing today \" as said by the authors. But these compounds could have negative effect on environment when it is released by accidental spills or effluents and will cause water and soil pollution. The fourth paper is more theoretically related to the development of a model for activity coefficient estimation. The original van Laar equation for the excess Gibbs free energies of liquid mixtures has deficiencies that have prevented it from being applied to multi-component systems. Through the consideration of the parameters of the van Laar equation, the author's final form of the modified van Laar …","PeriodicalId":238681,"journal":{"name":"The Open Thermodynamics Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114748315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid-Liquid Equilibria for Ternary Mixtures Containing Vegetable Oils, Methanol, and Cosolvents","authors":"Ming-Jer Lee, Yu-Ching Kuo, Pei-Jung Lien, Ho-mu Lin","doi":"10.2174/1874396X01004010122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X01004010122","url":null,"abstract":"The liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) phase boundaries were determined experimentally for the ternary systems containing refined sunflower oil, methanol, and one of ten potential cosolvents at 308.2 K under atmospheric pressure by using cloud point method. n-Butylamine was found to be one of the best cosolvents, which could substantially enhance the miscibility between the oil and methanol. The LLE measurements were then extended to the ternary systems of methanol + refined sunflower oil, soybean oil, or canola oil in the presence of the auxiliary cosolvent n-butylamine at temperatures from 298.2 K to 318.2 K. The LLE data were utilized for estimating the model parameters of the NRTL and the UNIQUAC, respectively. In general, these two models can reasonably represent the LLE phase boundaries. Methanol (99.9 %), acetone (99.5 %), dimethyl carbonate (DMC, 99 %), ethyl acetate (99.5 %), methyl acetate (99.5 %), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK, 99 %), methyl propionate (98 %), n-butylamine (99 %), tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.5 %), and glycerol (99 %) were purchased from Acros, USA. Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (98+ %) was supplied by Aldrich, USA. Methyl tert-butyl ether (99 %) was provided from Fluka, USA and the refined vegetable oils were from domestic edible oil companies. These chemi- cals were used without further purification. The purity levels of the organic solvents have been confirmed with chroma- tographic analysis.","PeriodicalId":238681,"journal":{"name":"The Open Thermodynamics Journal","volume":"80 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115048084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial - Combustion Science - Achievements and Challenges in 21st Century","authors":"A. Klimenko, M. Cleary","doi":"10.2174/1874396X01004030071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X01004030071","url":null,"abstract":"Combustion has been the main source of energy for mankind for a very long time now. During this period, combustion science has made many remarkable discoveries and combustion research has resulted in better cars, more efficient power stations, the reduction of pollution levels and even in our ability to reach other planets. Although the energy situation in the world is rapidly changing, it seems that combustion will still remain our main energy source in the foreseeable future. Given the increasing public awareness of the environmental, economic and geopolitical aspects associated with the burning of fossil fuels it is inevitable that the sources of energy will need to be diversified and new fuels will have to be introduced into the market. This special issue of The Open Thermodynamics Journal contains articles which review some of the achievements of combustion science, in theory and modelling, and in the improvement of device efficiency, and which examine some of the major challenges that combustion science faces in the coming decades.","PeriodicalId":238681,"journal":{"name":"The Open Thermodynamics Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127533982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective design optimisation of inlet and combustor for axisymmetric scramjets","authors":"H. Ogawa, R. Boyce, A. Isaacs, T. Ray","doi":"10.2174/1874396X01004010086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X01004010086","url":null,"abstract":"Scramjet airbreathing propulsion is a promising technology for efficient and economical access-to-space. Flow compression in the inlet and fuel combustion in the combustor play a major role in scramjet mechanism, their efficiencies crucially influencing the overall scramjet performance. A double-objective shape optimisation for an axisymmetric inlet and combustor configuration using hydrogen as fuel premixed into air has been performed for minimum total pressure loss and maximum combustion efficiency in the present study. A state-of-the-art MDO (multi-objective design optimisation) capability with surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms has been employed, coupled with a CFD solver for inviscid flowfields involving chemical reactions represented by Evans & Schexnayder's model. The obtained Pareto optimal front suggests the possibility of substantial improvement in efficiency and the counteracting nature of the two objective functions. Geometries with higher combustion efficiency are characterised by a higher compression inlet with larger leading-edge radius and a longer combustor, whereas opposite trends are observed for configurations with smaller total pressure loss.","PeriodicalId":238681,"journal":{"name":"The Open Thermodynamics Journal","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134305526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Resources for the Past, Present and Future","authors":"J. Jones","doi":"10.2174/1874396X01004010072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X01004010072","url":null,"abstract":"The paper traces the development of fuel utilisation from the late eighteenth century to the present day. Initially coal is given some emphasis. The beginning of the oil industry is discussed in some detail, also its development in re- sponse to such factors as the proliferation of the motor car. World events including the two World Wars are examined for their effects on fuel supply and demand. Frequently in the paper prices of particular fuels at the time under discussion are brought up to date by means of a web based calculator for this purpose. The matter of energy-return-on-energy-invested (EROEI) for fuels, which has been a research topic of the author's for some years, features in the paper particularly to- wards the end where cautious comments on the future are made.","PeriodicalId":238681,"journal":{"name":"The Open Thermodynamics Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129866990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-Eddy Simulation for Combustion Systems: Modeling Approaches for Partially Premixed Flows","authors":"E. Knudsen, H. Pitsch","doi":"10.2174/1874396X01004010076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X01004010076","url":null,"abstract":"Combustion models often appear in forms that are customized for specific applications. This process of custo- mization produces modeling approaches that tend to be very different from one another in terms of cost, accuracy, and ap- plicability. For example, many combustion models have been developed to describe either the asymptotic premixed or the asymptotic non-premixed combustion limit. These idealized regimes are chosen as the basis for modeling approaches be- cause the associated combustion physics are understood sufficiently well to be cast in a framework that accounts for how turbulence and chemistry interact. Partially premixed regimes and regimes that involve transitions between premixed and non-premixed behavior, however, are not very well understood. Consequently, most readily available modeling ap- proaches do not account for these mixed regimes in a very careful fashion. This presents a particular challenge to further model development, since these partially premixed and transition processes are very important in realistic combustion de- vices. In this review, the particular challenges associated with modeling partially premixed combustion in LES will be discussed and the applicability of common LES combustion models to partially premixed processes will be assessed.","PeriodicalId":238681,"journal":{"name":"The Open Thermodynamics Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130025336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Approaches to Predict Biomass Co-firing with Pulverized Coal~!2009-12-01~!2010-01-12~!2010-04-16~!","authors":"Srđan V. Belošević","doi":"10.2174/1874396X01004020050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874396X01004020050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":238681,"journal":{"name":"The Open Thermodynamics Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130322746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}